New Research Predicts End to Silicon Shortage by the end of 2008

A Prometheus Institute report forecasts new players and long-time companies will expand worldwide silicon supplies by the end of 2008.

by: Ucilia Wang  June 26, 2008

我個人認為台灣單晶及多晶矽太陽能電池未來預估產能(capacity), 茂迪和昱晶在2009年底前會各自進入前五大, 加上其他台灣太陽能電池廠商, 台灣應在2009年2Q時, 太陽能電池各廠商之產能(capacity)與產量總計為世界第一. 

而世界各大多晶矽材料商(Hemolock、 REC、Tokuyama、Wacker等)在確定台灣太陽能電池仍然產出與產能比例長期在七成以下(原料短缺), 我樂觀的推估有可能有二家世界級多晶矽材料商和台灣世界級化工業大廠如台塑和中油、甚至是奇美, 搶進台灣生產多晶矽材料在台灣生產. 

有了”飼料”之後, 台灣的世界級大廠如台積電、聯電/欣興、鴻海、友達、華碩等, 將可以在(股票)市場上在取得足夠資金, 加入這個火紅的製造業.(當然這個假設到現在努力還不夠, 無法使在台灣的太陽能電池受惠. 我覺得與其擴大內需528億, 不如在這528億中拿出100億, 蓋一座>5000T/yr太陽能電池級用之多晶矽材料公司, 如FDB, 冶金法). 當台積電/友達加入這個領域後, 可能全球半導體及LCD設備大廠會搶進八吋設備市場供應台積等大廠生產太陽能電池, 拉高競爭門檻, 將會使台灣的太陽能產業往上提昇, 並且在太陽能產業鏈中越來越完整.

台灣要贏的策略是讓世界級多晶矽材料商來台設廠, 使上述台灣的世界級半導體/LCD/PC業者也在不缺原料的情況下大力投資單晶及多晶矽太陽能電池, 有了單晶及多晶矽太陽能電池生產後, 及上中下游整併或策略聯盟, 確保產銷體系可以依營運計劃生產, 下一步再投入下一世代的Thin Film太陽能電池. 如果我們的策略正確, 我相信太陽能整體產業產值成為下一個明星的兆元產業應不遠了!

 The three-year competition for silicon between solar and semiconductor companies will end later this year as silicon manufacturers roll out new production lines, according to a new report released Thursday by the Prometheus Institute and Greentech Media.

For decades, silicon has played a starring role in the rise of the chip industry. Its semiconducting properties and relatively cheap price have helped to make it possible to engineer smaller and faster chips to run iPods and laptops.

The vast majority of today's solar panels also rely on silicon to turn sunlight into electricity. The growing worldwide interest in solar energy has pitted solar companies against chip businesses in recent years, particularly because silicon producers couldn’t make enough to satisfy both types of customers.

In 2007, solar companies used more silicon than the semiconductor industry, said Travis Bradford, president of the Prometheus Institute, in the report. The solar industry used about 30,000 of 48,900 metric tons of silicon produced worldwide last year.

 By 2012, the total silicon-manufacturing capacity could reach more than 261,742 metric tons, according to Bradford ’s report, “Polysilicon: Supply, Demand and Implications for the PV Industry.”

Major silicon suppliers expected to have new plants or expanded production lines ready to go by the end of the year include REC, MEMC, Wacker and Hemlock (see chart below).

Bradford also highlighted two new companies entering the field: China-based LDK Solar, which in April raised $400 million to construct a 1,000- and a 15,000-metric-ton plant, and DC Chemical, a South Korean firm due to open its 5,000-ton plant this year.

The report forecast an additional source in upgraded metallurgical silicon, which will have to be blended with purer silicon until companies are able to improve the quality of the metallurgical material.

Elkem in , Dow Corning in and Timminco in are prominent players in the metallurgical silicon business, said the report.

Building and operating a silicon plant isn’t an easy task, and many companies have continued to struggle to carry out their plans. China-based Trina Solar, for example, in April backed out of a plan to build a manufacturing center.

All the new and expanded supplies are good news for solar companies. But Bradford has previously cautioned that the industry could end up with a silicon glut (see Oversupply of Silicon to Be Worse Than Expected, Analyst Says, Solar Sector Heading for a Shakeout, Solar Margins About to Shrink? and Panelists Debate When the Silicon Shortage Will End).

The Prometheus Institute forecasts that manufacturers will have the capacity to produce 261,742 metric tons of polysilicon in 2012, up from 48,900 of capacity in 2007. 

人民怒火正在燃燒
■ 王美琇

有句古老諺語：「自由就像氧氣。在它消失之前，你不會感覺它的存在。」這些日子我經常想起這句話。目前，台灣社會還沒有陷入集體性恐慌，只因為我們還在呼吸，氧氣般的自由並沒有消失。

馬英九上任以來，不僅無能處理通貨膨脹和物價飆漲，人民痛苦指數直線上升；甚至把國家經濟發展，完全寄託在一個處心積慮要併吞台灣的敵國身上。七月四日即將門戶洞開八個機場，只為迎接中國觀光客和兩岸直航？台灣的國家安全和社會安全，將陷入極度不可預測的險境，這是 馬 先生國政方針的現在進行式。
二次大戰前，米勒（Douglas Miller）的書《你不可以和希特勒做生意》曾經提出警告：「我們必須永遠記得一點：和極權國家做生意，絕對沒有純經濟關係這回事。每個商業交易都具有政治、軍事、社會和宣傳的涵義。」馬英九把國家經濟發展大業，寄託在一個極權國家—中國的善意恩賜；把國家安全放在虎口下祈求和平，這是馬的無知或是自覺性的促成？難道馬為了終極統一大業，寧願把台灣人民推向侵害人權惡名昭彰的極權中國？
馬英九的錯誤政策，可能造成無法逆轉的危機，致使台灣由經濟統合逐步走向政治統一，成為中國的一部分。美國知名評論家賀森松曾說：「一個國家要影響另一個國家只有三種方式：軍事、外交和經濟。」中國部署的一千多顆飛彈，已經有效恫嚇台灣民心；外交上中國對台灣的封殺毫不手軟，讓台灣在全世界幾無立足之地；剩下的就是經濟手段。我認為，中國對付台灣的經濟手段不是經濟制裁，而是蠶食鯨吞直到台灣無力反抗為止。 
台灣對中國投資過量，已經造成產業空洞化和內需疲弱的經濟發展危機。目前馬政府企圖以兩岸經濟統合來拯救危機，其實正中中國下懷，讓中國的手更輕易伸入台灣。觀光直航是第一步，然後可能是傾銷中國農產品，讓台灣的農業萎縮凋零。其次是股市、金融、媒體等。中國可能以國家經濟力量化整為零進入，以合法個體公司和台灣的民主機制作掩護，逐步掌控整個台灣。這不是危言聳聽，是可以預估得到、即將在台灣發生的「現實」。只是自由像氧氣，氧氣消失之前，你不會感覺到它的存在。  
面對如此險惡的未來，台灣人民該怎麼辦？我們要做些什麼才能遏阻事情往最壞的方向發展？我建議，我們必須有塊狀集結的概念，各行各業有組織力和領導力的人應該站出來，開始集結你的團體，發出業界的聲音，向馬政府施加政治壓力。我們不必奢求一次全壘打，幾次安打匯集民氣，讓情緒醞釀擴散，百萬人民站出來才會水到渠成。 當這些塊狀團體的聲音此起彼落，慢慢匯流成整體性的聲音和共鳴，那就是台灣人民真正展現人民力量的時候了。我認為，唯有人民力量夠巨大，才有可能改變執政者錯誤的政策方向。
許多朋友頻頻在問：什麼時候上街頭抗議？我想，時候就快到了。人民怒火正在燃燒，也即將沸騰！

 

（作者為台灣北社副社長）

 

美國Delaware州將開發200MW的離岸風場, 可能是美國第一個離岸風場

Bluewater Wind Signs Contract for Sale of Offshore Wind Power 
Delaware, [RenewableEnergyWorld.com]

Bluewater Wind Delaware LLC, a subsidiary of Babcock & Brown, announced that it has signed a 25-year contract with Delmarva Power to sell the utility up to 200 megawatts (MW) of power from an offshore wind farm that will be built 11.5 miles off the coast of Rehoboth Beach in Delaware .

Delmarva Power has agreed to purchase 200-MW of the power produced by the wind farm that is expected to have an output of up to 600 MW. Bluewater Wind will determine the final size of the wind farm within two years, during which time the company will seek additional buyers of power.

The agreement requires legislative approval of changes to the state's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to allow for renewable energy credits (RECs) from the offshore wind farm to be credited to Delmarva Power's account at a rate of 350% (or 3.5 credits) per REC.

In addition to its contract with Delmarva Power, Bluewater Wind has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the Delaware Electric Municipal Corporation for the sale of approximately 100,000 to 150,000 megawatt-hours of power and 17 MW of capacity to its nine municipal members.

"This contract is a significant step toward developing Delaware 's first offshore wind farm, which will almost certainly be the first offshore wind farm in the country," said Hunter Armistead, head of Babcock & Brown's North American energy group. "This offshore wind farm will harness the strong winds off the coast of Delaware to bring clean and renewable energy, stable power rates and new jobs to the area."

 

 

Mega Solar Power Generation Plan in Sakai City Waterfront

June 23, 2008

Sakai City

Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.

Sharp Corporation  

Sakai City, Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. (Kansai Electric), and Sharp Corporation today agreed to cooperate on the Sakai City Waterfront Mega Solar Power Generation Plan in Osaka Prefecture, .

Under the plan, mega solar power generation is scheduled for the following two locations.

(1) Sakai No. 7-3 District Solar Power Generation Plant (tentative name)

Output: Approx. 10 MW (10,000 kW) 
(2) Sakai Manufacturing Complex Solar Power Generation Facilities (tentative name)

Output: Approx. 9 MW (9,000 kW) to start, with maximum of 18 MW (18,000 kW) \
 

The first will be built by Kansai Electric in Sakai No. 7-3 District, on an industrial waste landfill in Nishi Ward, Sakai City .

As for the second, Sharp and Kansai Electric will install solar power generation facilities on Sharp’s and other companies’ buildings in the complex, thus creating an in-complex source of power. The two companies are currently working out the details of the running of these solar power facilities. Sharp intends to use thin-film silicon solar modules, which will be produced at the solar cell plant that is scheduled to go online in March 2010. 

Sakai City is positioning this plan as a key part of its Cool City Sakai*, an initiative for a low-carbon metropolis. The city is working with Kansai Electric and Sharp to bring this initiative to fruition. 

The two solar power generation facilities scheduled to be built in the waterfront district of Sakai will have a combined output of approx. 28 MW (28,000 kW), making this one of the world’s largest solar power facilities. Like nuclear power and hydroelectric power, solar power produces no CO2 during the power generation process. When completed and operating, this project will result in CO2 emission reductions of approximately 10,000 tons a year.

Through this plan, Kansai Electric will build and operate solar power generation plants as part of its business. The company hopes to contribute to the proliferation of solar power by studying how to overcome various obstacles and publicly sharing the knowledge it gains in the process.

Sharp is already operating an approx. 5-MW (5,000 kW) solar power generation system at the Kameyama Plant, the site of integrated manufacturing of LCD panels and LCD TVs. By installing an even bigger system, the manufacturing complex in Sakai will be the ultimate environmentally advanced production base. 

With this agreement to jointly build solar power facilities, the three parties are working towards the realization of a low-carbon metropolis, with Kansai Electric and Sharp participating in the organizational structure that Sakai City has set up to run its Cool City Sakai initiative.

Overview of Mega Solar Power Generation Plan (1/2) 
Sakai No. 7-3 District Solar Power Generation Plant (tentative name)

Operator: Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.

Location: Industrial waste landfill in Sakai No. 7-3 District

(4-cho, Chikko-shinmachi, Nishi-ku, Sakai City , Osaka Prefecture )

(Property to be leased from Osaka Prefecture )

Area: Approx. 20 ha

Output: Approx. 10 MW (10,000 kW)

Output volume: Approx. 11 million kWh/year

Installation type: On ground

Total investment: Approx. 5 billion yen

Start of construction: Fiscal 2009 (scheduled)

Completion: Fiscal 2011 (scheduled)

Overview of Mega Solar Power Generation Plan (2/2) 
Sakai Manufacturing Complex Solar Power Generation Facilities (tentative name)

Operator: Under discussion by Sharp and the Kansai Electric Group

Location: Chikko-yawata-machi, Sakai City , Osaka Prefecture

Output: Approx. 18 MW (18,000 kW); approx. 9 MW (9,000 kW) to start

Output volume: Approx. 18 million kWh/year

Installation type: Rooftop, etc.

Start of construction: By March 2010 (scheduled)

Completion: By March 2011 (scheduled)

======================================

 太陽能電廠 日挑戰全球第一

 自由時報  更新日期:2008/06/24 04:09

 

 〔編譯鄭曉蘭綜合報導〕日本太陽能電池製造大廠夏普（Sharp）以及關西電力公司二十三日宣布，雙方將合作於大阪沿海地區，籌建世界最大規模的太陽能發電設施，預計總供電量可達二十八兆瓦。這也是日本首度有電力公司投入大規模的太陽能發電事業。

夏普與關西電廠聯手

 這項合作計畫位於大阪中南部?市沿海地區，雙方預定在目前已動工的夏普新工廠廠區增設太陽能發電設備，名稱暫訂為「?聯合太陽能發電設施」。同時，在鄰接新工廠約二十公頃的土地上，興建「?第7-3區太陽能發電所」（暫名）。「?第7-3區太陽能發電所」的總供電量最高將達十兆瓦，總建設經費約五十億日圓（約台幣十四億兩千萬元），預計二○○九年動工，二○一一年開始運轉。而「?聯合太陽能發電設施」的總供電量最高將達十八兆瓦，電力主要供應工廠生產之用。

 上述兩部分的太陽能發電設施合計供電量達二十八兆瓦，足夠供應七千戶家庭用電，一年將可減少約一萬噸的二氧化碳排放量。夏普公司已在位於日本三重縣龜山市的液晶主力工廠「龜山工廠」，引進最高供電量達五兆瓦的太陽能發電系統。

 「?聯合太陽能發電設施」也將採用夏普新工廠所生產的薄膜矽太陽能電池模組，這種新型太陽能電池的發電效率，與傳統太陽能電池相較略遜一籌，不過由於矽的使用量較少，生產價格也較為低廉。

看看德國風力發電, 想想我們風力發電
到目前為止, 台電大型82座風力發電機 51座故障

 

 

 

 

  

台電大型82座風力發電機 51座故障 

台灣沿海各地的風力發電機，為配合地方發展觀光的需求，不論機組設置點的排列或顏色的塗裝，多會考量視覺比例與美感，不但成為當地地標，也是國人旅遊休憩的新景點。圖為台中港區的風力發電機，夕照中葉片隨風運轉，成為美麗風景的一部份。（資料照，記者謝鳳秋攝）

 〔記者歐祥義／自由時報6/23台北報導〕台電風力發電計畫大擺烏龍，已完工商業運轉的八十二部風機中，最高曾有五十一部無法運轉發電，台電把原因歸咎於台灣氣候太熱、備品不夠等，一座座的風力發電機，竟都成為海邊的裝飾品，政府再生能源政策在執行面上已遭嚴重扭曲。

 

 

 62％無法運轉 淪為裝飾品
        為配合政府開發潔淨能源的政策目標，從二○○三年開始，到二○一○年止，台電規劃投資一百九十億元，在全國興建一百八十六部風力發電機，總裝置容量為卅三萬瓩，到目前為止，已完工商轉八十二部，結果卻有五十一部無法運轉，故障率高達六十二％。 

 

 均採最有利標 凸槌沒道理
        對於風力發電業務出了這麼大的紕漏，某位台電董事說，只能用「離譜、荒唐」來形容，結果台電承辦部門竟沒有被追究責任，更遑論處分，讓台電員工大表不解，其中原由耐人尋味。
        據指出，發生瑕疵的五十一部風力發電機均採最有利標招標，並不是最低價標，結果還出現這麼大的問題，讓人懷疑背後是否還有更大的秘密待挖掘。

歸咎天氣太熱 未追究責任
        台電內部資料指出，出現風力發電機裝機後無法運轉發電的品牌及機組數，分別是ＧＥ有廿三部、Harakosan有廿二部、Gamesa有六部，多分布在西部沿海。無法運轉的原因，從風機所在地高溫、高鹽害，備品供應不及，葉片控制不同步，甚至保固期過期，都能被拿出來當理由。

已投資近百億 收入僅11億 
        如以發電量來看，已完工的台電八十二部風機這幾年來共發電五點六億度，以每度二元計算，發電收入約十一點二億元，與已投資的近百億元金額比較，報酬率根本慘不忍睹。
        若以容量因素（即每年發電時間比率）檢視，只有離島的澎湖中屯風力及彰工風力兩處風力機的容量因素各為四十七％、卅五％，其餘的石門、恆春等風力計畫均未達卅％，也就是代表著一年有七成以上的時間，這些風力發電機是處於閒置狀態未能發電。 

  ==========================================================================
考量能源替代 風力發電仍有必要 
〔記者歐祥義／自由時報6/23台北報導〕「風力發電是不具經濟效益，但從能源替代角度考量，還是有繼續發展的必要」，台灣綜合研究院副院長吳再益說。 
        依照經濟部能源局規劃，我國風力發電裝置容量長期計畫將達三百萬瓩，其中二百萬設於陸地，一百萬設於海上(作者了解有誤, 應是陸上1.2GW, 海上離岸2.0~2.5GW)，目前已商轉及籌建中的裝置容量有六十五萬瓩，約是政策目標的廿一點六％。 
        吳再益指出，在台灣可設置風力發電機的理想風場很難找，一年平均下來，可發電時數大約只有二千八百小時，容量因素尚不到卅％。 
        根據台電內部資料，一部風力發電機投資金額約八千萬至一億元，售電價格統一是每度兩元，但加計利息、折舊、稅負、維修等成本後，台電的風力平均每度發電成本竟超過兩元。 
        再對照早期風力發電機組的發電成本，分別是台朔重工麥寮風力電廠每度一點二五元，台電澎湖中屯每度一點六四元，天隆竹北電廠每度一點三元，台電的成本都比民間高，與其做得不三不四傳出弊案，還不如將整個市場讓給民間做，既有效率又經濟。
        連不用燃料成本的風力發電都會虧錢，外界一定搞不懂，為何台電還要大舉介入風力發電市場？其實台電最大用意在於卡住市場，降低民間設立風力發電廠的比重。 
        以風力發電機設備價位與其它建造營運成本來說，以能源局訂立的每度二元收購價格，其實是有利可圖的，台電怕民間企業大舉搶進，造成未來經營負擔，所以先利用該公司位於西部沿海大量現成電廠閒置土地的優勢，建造風力發電機，藉此壓縮民間企業進入的空間，卡住市佔率之後，風力發電機能不能發電，對台電而言並不是最重要的事，畢竟一部大型火力發電機，就足以取代所有風力發電機可產生的電力。

===================================================================

零碳能源！風力發電全球正夯，德國產值領先全球。(2008/6/23, ref. Ayo電子報)

國際油價飆漲，風力發電成為最夯的替代能源之一，一些風力資源豐富的國家，其實早就開始大量開發利用，其中德國的風力發電容量更是突破2萬兆瓦，佔全國總發電量的2成，更是領先全球。在歐洲和美洲大型的風力發電機組並不罕見，德國早在1980年代，也就是能源價格攀升以前，就推出風能計畫，在90年代初期，德國只有少數的風力機，但是政府投入相當多的經費研發風力發電，後來更藉由實施「饋電法」以及「再生能源法」等法案，補助企業開發跟使用風力發電，讓德國的風力發電市場快速成長，如今德國的風力發電已經佔該國總發電量的2成左右，德國除了藉此取得便宜的替代能源以外，還得以出口風力發電科技，風能產業領先全球。根據全球風能協會的統計資料顯示，2007年風力發電量為941億瓦，比2006年成長40%，如果以經濟價值來計算，2007年全球新增風力發電產值大約250億歐元。風力發電面臨最大的挑戰是風車體積過大，還有運轉時會產生噪音，不過最近發展出來的離岸風力技術，已經克服這些問題，離岸風輪機通常位於靠近陸地5公里的地方，在水中深度大約30公尺，在海上使用變壓器，轉化成3萬3000伏特高電壓，透過海底電纜傳送到集電廠，再分送各地。英國已經計畫在離岸打造超過3萬支風力發電設備，要在2020年以前讓所有家庭的電力全部來自風力發電。看好風力發電前景，大量消耗能源的新興市場，例如中國和印度也積極跟進，風這個來自大自然的獻禮，已經成為人類積極擁抱的零碳能源。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

德國提高offshore 強制收購(Feed-in-Tarrriff)風力每度至0.13歐元

Wind Lifted by Higher Tariffs in Germany
by Jane Burgermeister, European Correspondent, Berlin, [RenewableEnergyWorld.com], 2008/6/18 
      The wind energy sector in has been given a big boost by an amendment to the country's renewable energy law. Under the new law set to come into force on January 1, 2009, the feed-in tariff for onshore wind farms will be increased from EUR 7.9 to 9.2 cents/kilowatt-hour (kWh) while the tariff for offshore wind will go up to EUR 13 cents/kWh.

Thomas Schnorrenberg from REpower Systems AG, one of Germany’s leading manufacturers of wind turbines, said the extra money was needed to revive investment in wind and balance out soaring costs have that have hit profit margins, leaving many projects on the drawing board.

"The new tariff will make building offshore wind parks especially attractive," Schnorrenberg told RenewableEnergyWorld.com.

Large offshore wind parks need to be built if is to meet an ambitious new target to increase electricity from renewable sources to at least 27 percent by 2020 — a target also encased in this June’s amendment to the country’s renewable energy law.

Constructing wind parks in the seas in the north of did not pay off under the old tariff scheme, and so investors have put plans for 25,000 MW of installed offshore wind capacity on ice.

However, the new, higher tariff will now make going forward with the construction of large wind parks at sea lucrative, Schnorrenberg said.

As an incentive to speedy action, the tariff has been increased to 15 cents/kWh in cases where construction on an offshore wind park begins before 2015.

The German Wind Energy Association (BWE) has estimated that 45,000 MW of modern wind capacity will need to be installed to generate 110 billion kWh of electricity by 2020 if the government is to reach its target of having about one third of the country’s electricity coming from clean sources by 2020.

With the potential of hydropower more or less exhausted in Germany — just about every river that can have a dam has one, Schnorrenberg said — and solar power still very expensive, wind power remains the best option for increasing clean electricity.

The BWE has calculated that 3,500 MW of new wind capacity needs to be installed each year from now on — double the capacity of 1,667 MW installed in 2007. 
       "Offshore wind parks are the only renewable energy source that can deliver that kind of growth because the good sites on land have already been taken," Schnorrenberg said.

He estimated that wind turbines located in the sea and benefiting from the steady winds there could generate electricity for up to 4,000 hours per year. That means, 25,000 MW of offshore installed capacity could supply 11% to 13% of ’s electricity needs by 2020, much more than the equivalent amount on land.

Wind turbines on land generate electricity for an average of 1,700 hours a year, though this figure can rise to 2,200 hours on the best coastal sites.

In 2007, a total of 22,247 MW of wind capacity was installed on land in , producing 7 percent of the country’s electricity and accounting for two thirds of all the renewable electricity production. 
       The June amendment also gives an incentive to replacing(Repowering) older wind turbines on land with new, more efficient turbines.

A typical 500-kW turbine from the mid-1990's in a medium location generates 1.1 million kWh of electricity while a modern 2000-kW wind turbine generates six times more electricity or 6.6 million kWh.

It is important to extract the most energy possible from the existing wind farms on land given the lack of room for expansion, Schnorrenberg said. He also said that profits generated by more efficient wind turbines have been cancelled out by rising prices for steel and copper and other components.

In 2007, the wind energy market in shrank by 25 percent compared to 2006, bucking the global trend for rapid growth according to the German Wind Energy Institute (DEWI).

More than 80 percent of the cost of building a wind turbine falls on steel. However, the spot price of steel has doubled since 2004 while the price of copper has tripled, hitting wind energy producers hard.

Unlike or , has no mechanism for compensating wind power producers for increases in raw materials or costs embedded in its renewable energy law.  That was why an amendment to the law was introduced in June to update wind power tariffs. REpower’s main problem will be how to meet the expected surge in demand for new wind turbines, especially offshore, Schnorrenberg said.

However, the amendment did not contain any incentives for installing micro wind turbines — predicted to be the next big growth sector in the renewable energy market.

"The use of decentralized small wind turbines could deliver an additional cost-effective and customer friendly source of potential electricity in as far as optimized turbines in large quantities can be manufactured," a report from BWE said.

 

 

 

 

「Desertec計畫」　沙漠太陽能發電來了
甯怡萱／綜合外電	2008/06/17

紐約試辦封街，騎鐵馬。 (2008/6/17, ref. udn)
   紐約市長彭博宣布試辦「夏日街道」 (Summer Streets)計畫，將在8月的連續三個周六，封閉從布魯克林橋到中央公園、全長6.9哩 (11公里)的街道，每次至少六個小時，讓紐約客享受「無車休閒走廊」。封街路段仍開放民眾騎自行車。紐約時報報導，彭博16日舉行記者會宣布計畫時，找來環法自行車大賽七度冠軍阿姆斯壯和前Talking Heads樂團的藝人拜恩助陣。拜恩表示，他每天從中城的住處騎鐵馬到蘇活區工作。封街時段，將有健身中心的教練免費指導有氧運動。紐約市政府正和其他民間機構洽商，提供自行車租借服務。英國倫敦、法國巴黎和美國麻州劍橋市、德州艾帕索市已有類似短暫封街計畫。南美哥倫比亞首都波哥大每周日有一條街禁行汽車，吸引150萬名民眾悠哉散步、慢跑、騎鐵馬、溜冰。

2008/6/17, ref. UDN新聞

氫氣車量產，月租18000元。只排放水蒸氣、完全不排放廢氣的首款氫燃料電池環保車已經上市。日本本田汽車公司16日開啟新的生產線，將量產氫燃料電池汽車FCX Clarity 。這款車以氫、電混合動力驅動，只排水蒸氣，不排放二氧化碳等溫室效應氣體，燃料效率比傳統汽車高三倍，也比目前當紅的油電混合動力車高兩倍。採用流線型設計，可乘坐4人，補充一次氫燃料電池可行駛約620公里。相較以往車型，新型燃料電池車中利用氫氧反應發電的燃料電池裝置重量約減輕三成，容積約減少兩成，輸出功率提高了一成以上。FCX Clarity 7月將以租借方式率先在美國加州推出，租期3年，每月租金600美元（約台幣18000元），包括保養維修費用。好萊塢已躍躍欲試，等著擁抱這款新一代環保車。這款車今年秋季會在日本上市，預計三年內生產兩百輛。FCX Clarity首批客戶包括好萊塢女星傑美李寇蒂斯夫婦、蘿拉哈理斯。這些人全都住在美國加州南部，與當地有多座氫氣加氣站有莫大關係。蘿拉哈理斯表示，FCX Clarity開起來「十分順暢，像未來車」。葉爾薩也認為一定會有很多人對這款車有興趣。氫燃料電池車好處多多，但價格高昂且氫氣加氣站太少，是推廣的最大障礙。
(大紀元4/24報導)
　　在像噴射機一樣寬敞的汽車裏工作，一邊和電腦說話一邊嚼著有如藥丸般的食物……，這些描述二十一世紀的科幻還未能實現之時，似乎本田FCX Clarity已向消費者提供了未來汽車的前景，勾勒出汽車工業的未來。 　　
    本田的FCX Clarity是款燃料電池車(Fuel Cell)，通過氫的燃燒產生動力，燃燒產物為水。在南加州，本田將從今夏開始以每月600美元的價格提供FCX Clarity的租賃服務，「未來」似乎已不再遙遠。

汽車的未來　　
    FCX Clarity比起兩年前在加州剛出爐的笨重的FCX燃料電池車要迷人許多。這款四人座轎車看上去比任何目前的本田車都來得超凡脫俗，看來就像2020年才應有的車子。深紫色的車身使FCX Clarity更具沉靜﹑深沉的魅力。車身曲線的設計從上至下，從前到後都似行雲流水、一氣呵成，流暢得彷彿設計者的筆鋒從未離開紙面一絲一毫般。由於沒有笨重的內燃機，前後車輪相距較遠，軸距達110.2英寸。　　
   儀錶板簡直就像影像遊戲。和一般車子不同的是，所有提供電錶、氫氣錶及司機操縱車子情況的儀錶都在同一屏幕、同一塊儀錶板上。時速計上的一個電子小球會隨著司機加速的快慢膨脹或縮小。
   FCX Clarity開起來和大多數電子車一樣，加速快又安靜，只是開始加速時有點嗡嗡聲，其特殊的高壓系統會時不時地產生高壓「碰」的聲響。(當需要高壓時就會如此)。一旦習慣了駕駛FCX Clarity的聲音，駕駛人便會喜歡上它。 

車子技術優越 　　
   這是一款以燃料電池產生的電作為能源的汽車。鋰離子電池幫助車體進行加速，並在車子靜止時幫助車上其它設施運作。當煞車時，會把能量送會回鋰離子電池，以避免熱量損失。本田還把電池由1999年的445磅降到目前的所謂V Flow燃料電池的148磅，體積上也縮小了65%。本田最新的燃料電池小型有力，加滿能行駛270英里。　　
   但本田仍有需要克服的問題。首先是讓車子價格更經濟，每月租賃費600美元並不便宜，即使如此本田還無法以此賺錢，主要原因是現在的電池是白金製且研發昂貴。儘管本田並未透露一台FCX Clarity的成本要多少，但其收費試車的主要原因是以此招徠更能認真提出反饋意見的買家，畢竟花錢試車的人會更認真地去挑剔。 
   此外，燃料電池車其實不是無污染車。因為氫一般是由燃燒天然氣而來，這是氫燃料車面臨的窘境。寫在紙上的理論儘管很好，但它需要的基礎設施以及氫產生時所消耗的能量，使這一「節能」車附帶了一系列不「節能」的配套設施。 　　
   不過，本田指出，相比之下氫燃料的製備過程可少產生60%的二氧化碳。本田也還在試驗以太陽能和風能來製備氫，一旦實現便可完全避免二氧化碳的產生。 　　
   無論如何，FCX Clarity提供了相當值得考慮的可能性。畢竟，未來就是由多種可能組成的，無論最終的答案如何，FCX Clarity是一種可能，一種未來。

台灣青年未來領袖的必修課
~台灣教授協會青年夏令營

   台灣教授協會為一專業教授所組成之學術社團，每年寒暑假均會針對大專院校青年學生舉辦全國性營隊， 培養在校學生對台灣歷史、政治、社會運動、哲學、人生價值觀與社團經營等面向之了解，進而投入校內各式各樣之社團，以領導及服務社團活動。
   2008度暑假期間（2008年8月29~31日）預定舉行三天二夜之青年夏令營，地點在台北深坑世新會館，營隊人數預定35名。本次營隊之課程將涵蓋歷史、哲學、社會、民族、政黨政治及學生社團經營方法及分組研習。課程如附件一。 

時間: 2008/8/29 ~31
地點: 台北縣深坑世新會館(台北縣深坑鄉)
名額：35人 (額滿為止)
費用：全免, 需繳1000元報名費 (全程參與者結業時全數退還)

報名方式: TAUP 辦公室 02-2363871. 
1.親自到台灣教授協會辦公室報名
2.以現金袋直接郵寄到台灣教授協會：台北市新生南路三段4號14樓之6
3.劃撥(帳號19305335台灣教授協會, 請務必註明參加活動名稱

電話報名詢問：台灣教授協會李先生02-2362-8797

附件一

課程表
課程時間
課程名稱
講師
1 8/29（週五）
追尋理想的台灣國
蔡丁貴會長
 
2 8/29（週五）
四百年台灣史
薛化元
 
3 8/29（週五）
美麗島後台灣民主運動史
陳儀深
 
4 8/30（週六）
民主主義與台灣民族主義
史明
 
5 8/30（週六）
革命的理論與研究
劉聰德
 
6 8/30（週六）
民進黨的核心價值與願景
蔡英文
 
7 8/30（週六）
對中國開放及西進政策對台灣的衝擊
龔明鑫
 
8 8/30（週六）
和教授泛談台灣前途及生涯規劃
蔡丁貴/劉聰德/許文輔
 
9 8/31（週日）
如何經營學生運動
台灣青年逆轉本部
 
10 8/31（週日）
學生社團的經營
各小組討論
 
11 8/31（週日）
學生社團的經營報告
 
12 8/31（週日）
結業典禮
蔡丁貴/許文輔
 

 

 

 

2008/6/3 
  Hemolock新廠將開始增產9000公噸/year
Si產品除提供半導體之外也將提供太陽能電池用.
此工廠蓋在原Michigan廠區旁,  
造價共＄15億美元(約450億台幣).
2008年底產能將可達滿載的9000公噸.

June 3, 2008
Hemlock, MI, USA: Hemlock Semiconductor Starts Production at New Polysilicon Facility 
    Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation has begun production at its new polysilicon facility that will nearly double its output of polycrystalline silicon to serve the needs of the semiconductor and fast-growing solar energy industries.
    This new facility - part of a $1.5 billion expansion of the company's Hemlock, Mich. (U.S.) site announced last year - will produce approximately 9,000 metric tons of new polysilicon capacity, bringing the company's annual capacity to approximately 19,000 metric tons by the end of 2008 and making it the largest single polysilicon facility in the world.
    "Delivering polysilicon from our new facility as quickly as possible was essential to meet our customers' expectations," said Hemlock Semiconductor President and CEO Rick Doornbos. "These customers have put a lot of faith in us and the additional quantities of silicon feedstock will enable them to advance solar technology throughout the globe."
    Hemlock Semiconductor expects to complete an additional expansion with operations and supply beginning in 2010. This expansion will increase the total capacity from the Hemlock site to 36,000 tons by the end of 2011.
    "Hemlock Semiconductor's more-than 40 years of technical and manufacturing expertise to supply high-purity polysilicon to the semiconductor and solar industries was critical to our successful construction and operation of this new, world-class operation," said Doornbos. "We are proud of our team for successfully completing this expansion on-time and within budget."
    Hemlock Semiconductor is continuing its search for a second location to potentially build a new manufacturing facility. Collaborative efforts with customers are underway and may lead to further expansions as the company expects high demand for its materials to continue.
    "As a leading manufacturer of polycrystalline silicon, we feel honored to be working so closely with our customers, who represent many of the global leaders in both the solar and electronics industries," said Doornbos. "Our goal is to use our polysilicon expertise to help them secure a long-term supply of high-purity silicon to meet their growth objectives. "
Further details about: Hemlock Semiconductor

寧願先放行, "保證"溫室氣體減量法通過後以後再來追究, 這就是八年前中國國民黨的執政mindset,
先經濟(即使是高汙染, 高耗能, 低就業人口, 高致癌性), 再環保回饋, 先姦再付遮羞費.

沈署長啊, 你用什麼保證啊!
你應該先通過溫室氣體減量法, 而且具體訂出各行業別的排放標準, 再來考慮目前所有的高耗能
高排碳工廠申請案.

如果溫室氣體減量法溫室氣體減量法通過前, 
行政院就把台塑鋼, 國光石化兩個工廠通過的話, 再生能源法也不用訂了,
我們再怎樣生產潔淨能源也不夠這兩個大用戶的十萬分之一~千萬分之一!


From Ayo E-newspaper:
環評要過關，先留買路財。中龍鋼鐵廠擴建環評案昨天有條件通過，創下國內企業要配合還在審查中的「溫室氣體減量法」，承諾支付減碳費用才能通過環評的首例，此例一開，未來只要高耗能、高排放量的重大開發案想通過環評，都得比照辦理，衝擊企業投資意願。中龍鋼鐵廠擴建案早於3月底第四次專案小組會議中，就已獲有條件通過。新政府上台後因大力推廣節能減碳，要求已完成專案小組審查的中龍鋼鐵廠，必須配合還在立法院審查的溫減法，每年都進行減碳，如無法達成，要依溫減法規劃支付減碳費用。環保署的做法看似有助於強制企業進行節能減碳，但法律有不溯既往原則，更何況現在法律都還在審查階段，就要求企業必須配合「未來法」，立論根本站不住腳。儘管節能減碳是全力的共識，也是政府努力的目標，國內各企業都應配合，善盡社會責任，但政府以「未來法」來規範即將興建的工廠，做法未必適當。 (2008/6/10, ref. udn)

●減碳虛擬承諾，賭上環保。環保署長沈世宏昨天要求企業簽署「空白支票」，承諾未來通過溫室氣體減量法後，落實減碳目標。沈世宏急於推動減碳值得肯定，但以一個不確定、且充滿假設的未來當成環評通過條件，實屬不宜；若未來無法落實，等於是「無條件放行」。沈世宏昨天先假設溫室氣體減量法會過、會有減量目標、且會趕在中龍開工前通過。他甚至假設，到時中龍會被合理分配到一個減碳目標，而且會認真減。然而這一切都充滿變數，任誰都無法預測或掌握。就連他幫中龍估算的十五億減碳成本更是個「假議題」。他先假設經濟部會核給中龍減量目標、中龍無法自己減碳，必須到國外買碳權才能平衡汙染，才出現這個數字。另外，沈世宏又自創「兩法合一」的監督制。他說要先以「溫室氣體減量法」監督，再以較嚴的「環評法」開罰；但到時如何處理兩法競合關係才是大問題，恐怕面臨訴願時，官方未必站得住腳。依往例，九成的開發案環評結論都屬「有條件通過」，而所謂的「有條件」，指的是環保署可用比現行法規更嚴的標準去要求企業，並要求企業承諾。環評法視承諾為金，如果違法，輕則罰款、重責停工，造成生命財產損失，業主還可能被判刑。條件必須是白紙黑字，雙方才得以適從，也就是說，環評結論要求中龍鋼鐵減多少碳、何時減，做出環評結論前就要說清楚、講明白，不容把問題留給「未來」，昨天通過中龍案根本就是打迷糊仗。如果環保署還是執意用不確定的「未來」做為通過環評的條件，若企業承諾是假，未來監督也是假；倒不如回歸環評法的本質，訂出合理可行，符合現實狀況的條件，才是對企業公平，對環境負責的態度。(2008/6/10, ref. udn)

●中龍估賺200億，繳15億划算。環保署長沈世宏昨天要求中龍鋼鐵應承諾「執行溫室氣體排放減量」，還幫中龍算出15億元的成本。中龍鋼鐵董事長歐朝華昨天說，「那是環保署長自己算的。我們連未來會被要求減多少都不知道啊。」不過中龍母公司、中鋼主管昨天表示，中龍去年營收約150億元，盈餘6億多元，表面上不足以支付昨天承諾每年15億元的減碳，但中龍推動的二期二階段擴建完成後，如以目前的國際鋼鐵行情，年營收將達800億元，稅後盈餘將達200億元以上，多15億元支出不成問題。但也有業者指出，目前國際鋼鐵正處於鋼鐵業十年一次的大景氣循環，如果中龍完工投產後，又碰到鋼鐵業不景氣，15億減碳費就會成為很重的負擔。中龍鋼鐵環主管也說，「這讓我們企業投資充滿不確定性，無法掌握成本。」 (2008/6/10, ref. udn)

●環團：排碳1噸，136元，太便宜。環保署有條件通過中龍鋼鐵擴建計劃，環保團體指出，換算碳排放權一噸才136元，與國際減碳成本6000元，相距實在很大。環團表示，馬政府推行生活減碳，似乎減碳責任都在個人；事實上企業與政府才更應該為減碳努力。「跟誰買呀？」環團對碳購買權充滿疑慮，環境保護聯盟副會長張子見說，國內總排放量都還沒有訂出來，企業還不知有多少配額，買碳排放權形同「買空賣空」，有欺騙社會之嫌。綠黨秘書長潘翰聲指出，他們不贊成環保署以一成五來計算，認為該以總量計畫。中龍鋼鐵碳總排放量為1100萬公噸，若每年繳交15億元，換算每噸二氧化碳排放權才136元，與國際減碳成本6000元相較，差距頗大。潘翰聲強調，國際上對於碳交易仍有許多疑慮，目前鋼鐵多是賣往中國，把污染成本留在台灣。他不解環保署為何同意工廠擴建？這對台灣的經濟有什麼幫助？ (2008/6/10, ref. udn)

太陽能產業是一個高科技, 進入門檻低, 未來性無限的產業類股.
太陽能電池及其上游產業成長率高達25%, 在台灣三年來的總投資更高達CAGR 300%, 
未來也CAGR有 200%, 這樣的產業值得的大力投資.  
在2030年, 美國太陽能發電將上佔0.1%, 這表示即使到2030年,
太陽能在美國及全球都是無限量的成長.
另外一項研究報告也贊成我的看法.



《研究報告》台証維持益通、茂迪及昱晶買進之投資評等
2008/06/05 09:14 時報資訊

【時報-台北電】太陽能產業：6月歐美太陽能電池125 瓦模組每瓦報價於日前公佈， 與5 月相比， 美元報價小幅上漲1 分來到4.82 美元， 歐元報價則小幅下滑1 分， 維持在4.70 歐元。台証維持益通 (3452) 、茂迪(6244 ) 及昱晶(3514 )買進之投資評等，目標價方面則維持原先設定之445 元(08 年EPS 及23XP /E)、330 元(未來四季EPS 及23XP/E)及320 元( 20XP /E)。（台證投顧提供）

mp3 版: www.travelerfootprints.com/Z_Formosa_Taiwan/FormosaTaiwan.mp3

 

YouTube 版: 
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=mzSQPM1O2Dc

◎天光歌詞

忍受悲傷的折磨，
走尋希望的光線，
流著甘願的血汗，
仰望喜樂的生命。
咱的青春是一首勇敢的歌，
咱的名惦惦寫在土地的心肝。

天漸漸光，
雲慢慢的散，
悲情的土地，
人在作天在看，
天漸漸光，
愛慢慢的湠，
溫暖的土地，
咱永遠不孤單。

美參議院封殺限制溫室氣體排放量法案
法新社 更新日期:2008/06/07 00:20 樊劍萍

  美國國會參議員今天封殺一項全面的對抗氣候變遷法案，此一法案要求對有害的溫室氣體排放量實施限制，美國總統布希已經表明反對此一法案。
  參議院表決結果是四十八票反對，三十六票贊成，使得此一法案未能取得在參議院進行最後辯論所需的六十票。共和黨參議員聲稱，此一法案將使美國經濟付出龐大成本，白宮也揚言否決此一法案。
  這個由參議員李柏曼與華納共同提出的法案，主張實施一項「設限與交易」的制度，限制有害氣體的排放量，同時以強迫污染企業向實施環保措施企業購買排碳權的方式，獎勵實施環保措施的企業。
  布希曾經警告說，實施此一法案的代價過於高昂，參議院的共和黨議員預測，假如法案生效，燃料與電力價格將會暴漲。
  支持本案的國會議員則表示，實施此一法案能夠製造許多新的工作機會，同時也可使美國重新定位為帶領全球對抗氣候變遷的領袖。 

(1)台灣摩托車密度為世界第一，台灣有2300萬人口，摩托車的數量竟超過了1400萬輛。
(2)台灣人近視率高達42%，是世界第一。
(3)台灣便利商店密度為世界第一 ，全台已有9000多家便利商店。
(4)台北101落成後，成為世界最高的建築物，電梯從5樓至89樓僅花費37秒，更是創下世界最快電梯紀錄。
(5)台灣是世界上手機持有率最高的地區。

路透社Jun 04外電, 許文輔譯

英國將大力發展, 2020年前, 裝設25GW離岸風電!

英國將大力發展, 2020年前, 裝設25GW離岸風電, 原來有兩個提案, 一個是2020年前安裝25GW, 另一個是33GW(33GW相當於全英國電力的1/4). 雖然英國在陸上風能沒有產業也沒有太多的裝設, 但毫無疑問的, 這個空前的離岸風力計畫將英國帶上全球離岸風能的高峰!  
能源內閣Malcolm表示希望這項政策能帶給廠商信心, 來投資英國的離岸風電.

英國風力協會表示2.5GW將有5000支風機, 11個風場. 
此計畫國家及企業界將共同投入美金$157.3 billion(4.8兆NTD).
到2020年將有40%的電力來自這個風力設置計畫. 核能目前提供英國19%的電力, 英國短期內沒有興建核電的計畫, 英國風力協會表示這個計畫將提供比核能更多的電力供應(當核能電廠逐漸除役後)

Britain launches new drive for offshore wind power 

 

Wed Jun 04 11:38:28 UTC 2008

By Jeremy Lovell
LONDON (Reuters) - The British government opened a major new phase on Wednesday in its drive for renewable energy, calling for bids to build up to 25 gigawatts of offshore wind turbines, triple the amount already in the pipeline, by 2020.

The announcement by the Crown Estate, which manages all property owned by the monarch including the seabed around , was welcomed by British Wind Energy Association chairman Adam Bruce as "impressively bold."

Under rounds one and two of offshore renewable power generation leasing program a total of eight gigawatts of wind turbines are under development.

Round three announced on Wednesday would raise that to 33 gigawatts, equivalent to one quarter of 's electricity supply.

"The expansion of wind energy is already a real success story for the . We will shortly become the leading country in the world in terms of the number of wind farms operating offshore. The potential for round three will add to that success," said Energy Minister Malcolm Wicks.

He said he hoped the announcement, coupled with changes in planning regulations going through parliament, would give industry confidence to make the necessary investments.

The BWEA said that if round three met its goal it would mean some 5,000 more wind turbines being built in the 11 sites around the British coastline identified by the Crown Estate.

Rob Hastings, head of the Crown Estate's marine section, said he anticipated investment of 60 to 80 billion pounds ($157.3 billion) would be needed to hit the round three goal.

"There is obviously a big mountain ahead to scale," Richard Lambert, head of the Confederation of British Industry, told the BWEA's annual offshore conference, referring to Shell's recent decision to pull out of the major London Array wind farm.

To help the process the Crown Estate said it would meet up to half the pre-construction costs, including getting planning consents and enabling works to speed delivery.

It would not be involved in construction or operation.

Potential applicants, which may be individual firms or consortiums, can bid for licenses on the 11 sites which range from north eastern to with the winner being granted sole development rights on the site.

 

PHENOMENAL GROWTH

Hastings said he anticipated the bidding and approval process to end by 2015 with construction to be completed by 2020, the European Union's target date for 20 percent of the bloc's energy to be coming from renewables.

's share of this is set to be around 15 percent and the BWEA has said that would mean the country getting up to 40 percent of its electricity from wind by that date, a goal it said was tough but achievable.

"We are on the cusp of phenomenal growth," said BWEA chief executive Maria McCaffery. "People with eye-watering amounts of money to invest are coming to talk to us. What we need is consistent government policy."

The association said that such was the growth of on and offshore wind power that within five years it would provide more electricity than nuclear power as the country's aged nuclear plants are retired.

Nuclear power provides 19 percent of 's electricity, a percentage that is set to decline rapidly in the next few years in the absence of the new build the government says the country urgently needs.

 

 

(Editing by James Jukwey)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

This service is not intended to encourage spam. The details provided by your colleague have been used for the sole purpose of facilitating this email communication and have not been retained by Reuters. Your personal details have not been added to any database or mailing list.

If you would like to receive news articles delivered to your email address, please subscribe at www.reuters.com

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 © Copyright Reuters 2006All rights reserved. Users may download and print extracts of content from this website for their own personal and non-commercial use only. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters. Reuters and the Reuters sphere logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of the Reuters group of companies around the world.

Quotes and other data are provided for your personal information only, and are not intended for trading purposes. Reuters, the members of its Group and its data providers shall not be liable for any errors or delays in the quotes or other data, or for any actions taken in reliance thereon.

© Reuters 2006. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of Reuters content, including by caching, framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of Reuters. Reuters and the Reuters sphere logo are registered trademarks and trademarks of the Reuters group of companies around the world.

 

 

台灣大氣科學界用福衛三號, 中華航空, 和陽明海運和全球環境變遷探測接軌

 ~ 台灣建構全球最大海空溫室氣體觀測平台

  （中央社記者何宏儒台北二日電）結合產、官、學界力量，台灣將建構全球最大海空溫室氣體觀測平台。計畫主持人國立中央大學大氣系教授王國英指出，相關數據將提供太平洋地區溫室效應氣體三度空間分布資料，不僅可補充歐盟過去研究資料的不足，也將是全球最大溫室氣體觀測平台。　　

  在行政院國家科學委員會、環境保護署經費支助下，中大團隊將整合福爾摩沙衛星三號掩星觀測、中華航空公司機隊，以及長榮海運公司國際貨輪，預定自2009年開始蒐集太平洋自海面到空中的3D大氣資料，並與歐盟、日本合作，觀測太平洋溫室效應氣體累積與傳送情況。　　

  其中，太平洋觀測計畫的空中觀測平台，將由華航提供波音機隊B747-400飛機進行二氧化碳濃度觀測，並由A340-300飛機進行水汽、臭氧、一氧化碳、氮氧化合物等氣體及雲物理觀測。

  王國英說，華航初期已同意提供1至2架空中巴士飛機，預定2009年下半年參與計畫；未來則希望參與計畫的波音飛機可增至10架。　　

  他說，歐盟自1994年開始執行MOZAIC（商用民航機大氣觀測計畫）和IAGOS（商用民航機全球觀測系統）計畫，由空中巴士A340-300飛機，收集南、北大西洋、北美洲、亞洲等航線大氣資料。

  他指出，該平台獨缺太平洋觀測資料；但該地區為全球經濟成長最迅速區域之一，溫室氣體排放量驚人。他認為，歐盟的觀測計畫，未來加入台灣提供的數據後，將可更完整、更全面。　　

  在海上觀測平台部分，將由長榮海運提供國際貨輪進行海域觀測。他說，長榮海運已同意提供2艘貨輪，分別在台北－歐洲、東京－澳紐航線進行大氣資料收集；預定2008年底、2009年初就會參與計畫。　　

  王國英強調，該平台將可收集到太平洋地區，從100公尺以下海洋邊界層，到3至4萬英呎高空的溫室氣體濃度數據，提供科學界進一步分析該區域溫室氣體累積和傳送的變化情況。

  美國國家航空暨太空總署 (NASA)預定今年稍晚發射「軌道碳觀測儀」進入太空進行全球監測；另外，日本的「溫室效應感測衛星」也預定明年1月升空。王國英說，台灣建置平台所提供的數據將為衛星觀測唯一的校正機會。 該觀測平台總計畫時間長達20年，其中第1期自2008至2010年，將由國科會、環保署支持經費約新台幣2000萬元。

  歐盟自1994至2007年執行MOZAIC（Measurementsof OZone and water vapour by in-service AIrbusairCraft，商用民航機大氣觀測計畫），太平洋海域為其欠缺的觀測資料。華航將參與MOZAIC下一階段計畫IAGOS（In-service Aircraft for a GlobalObserving System，商用民航機全球觀測系統）。

  中大團隊已於今年2月18日在比利時布魯塞爾，與德國國家實驗室和法國國家實驗室簽署「溫室氣體太平洋觀測計畫合作備忘錄」，正式加入歐盟執委會主辦之「溫室效應氣體觀測計劃」。

Note: 您若是特別想用福衛三號的衛星資料來解釋氣候變遷現象, 請不吝通知我, 我會帶您到太空中心看福衛三號的衛星資料. 

2020無油國瑞典 --- 核能比例佔發電多少? 
                                                         IEA 執行長 Tanaka, 許文輔譯 
    IEA(國際能源總署)執行長Tanana指出瑞典提出無油永續的能源願景, 也在過去數年中在IEA的國家中對減碳政策及執行上表現優異, 但我們希望看到他們對於未來核能的使用的看法. 
  瑞典目前的核能發電量幾乎佔該國的二分之一, 在瑞典被視為減碳且低成本的能源選項之一,  我們還沒有看到瑞典在成為無油國家時, 能源配比的預估, 特別是核能一項.  
  瑞典在減碳運輸上做的非常成功, 瑞典在運輸上減少二氧化碳排放是IEA國家的第一名, 各國應積極吸取瑞典經驗. 
=========================================================
    
 瑞典總理：2020年，我們國家Oil-free！ 「邁向2020的無油國家」 宣言（ Making Sweden an Oil-free Society by 2020）

    




    IEA commends for its sound and sustainable energy policy, but urges clarification on the role of nuclear power 
    28 May 2008 Stockholm --- “Sweden has continued to make impressive progress in its energy policy over the past few years”, said Nobuo Tanaka, Executive Director of the International Energy Agency (IEA), today in Stockholm at the launch of Energy Policies of IEA Countries – Sweden 2008 Review. 
     “ is one of the leading IEA countries in the use of renewable energy and has a long tradition of ambitious and successful policies to improve energy efficiency. Compared to the other IEA countries, ’s CO2 emissions per capita and per unit of GDP are low, partly owing to efficient and low-carbon space heating, and virtually carbon-free electricity generation. The country also remains a forerunner in electricity market liberalisation”, Mr. Tanaka said. Still, there is room for improvement. “Clarifying the role of nuclear power and further reducing CO2 emissions remain key challenges”, he added. 

    Clarify the role of nuclear power in energy supply 
    Nuclear power provides almost half of the electricity in , at a low cost and without CO2 emissions. The outlook for nuclear power, however, remains uncertain. “It is hard to see how phasing out nuclear power could serve ’s broader energy and climate policy goals. The current situation also creates uncertainty for investors in all forms of electricity generation in the whole Nordic market area”, stressed Mr. Tanaka. “The government should intensify its efforts to clarify the role of nuclear power in the Swedish energy mix, paying due consideration to electricity prices, climate change mitigation and security of electricity supply”. 

    Continue ambitious policies to reduce CO2 emissions, focus on   transport 
    Sweden is on track to meeting its target for reducing greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol. “ Kyoto , however, is just the first step and must be followed by a more ambitious international agreement. The real challenge is yet to come and lies in the post-Kyoto period“, observed Mr. Tanaka. 
    Sweden has the lowest-carbon energy supply within the IEA, but more can still be done in all sectors. As transport is the largest polluter and its CO2 emissions are increasing, it is the logical focus for further efforts. “The government should continue its policies to reduce oil use in transport. It should encourage more efficient vehicles and promote alternatives to oil-based road transport, including transport of freight”, Mr. Tanaka urged. 

    Ensure renewable energy is supplied from sustainable sources
    Sweden is one of the IEA countries with a high proportion of renewable energy in its energy mix, and is sufficiently well endowed to further increase domestic supply. It is crucial that additional targets for energy from biomass are based on a full assessment of the optimum use of this resource. Biomass from forests and fields can be used for several purposes, not only for energy, and very high targets for bioenergy could result in resource competition, disrupt supply for other products, and adversely affect GDP and employment. 
    Also, large-scale use of renewable energy in the transport sector should be based on life-cycle analysis of its costs and benefits. Biofuels for transport may not provide the same climate and efficiency benefits that is already gaining in using biomass in the heat and power sectors. “Only where fuel supplies can be reliably and sustainably produced from biomass, car users should be encouraged to switch to biofuel blends”, Mr. Tanaka concluded.

 

 

 

 

由美國DOE研究補助之Chevrolet Equinox fuel cell electric vehicle

DOE的燃料電池車是零排放污染的車輛, 燃料是氫氣, 將開始在華盛頓DC區域洽公時當交通車使用.