法國能源政策法之目標與演進
作者：駐法科技組　
發佈時間：97.10.09 
 
漫長的整合之路
能源法案從2003年1月提案以來，歷經政府部門間的論戰攻防，史無前例地激起社會動員後終於誕生。光是在2003年期間，與能源政策有關的國家研討會與活動便曾舉辦超過250場，所印製的能源資訊手冊超過三百萬份，更有大約35萬人曾上網參予辯論。隨後政府公佈了能源法白皮書，該法案的內容囊括自社會各階層超過60個公會、政黨、專業團體與協會等的意見。最後，參、眾議院透過辯論但不投票表決的方式，終於擬定作為能源政策指標的法案。

能源政策四大目標
新擬定的能源法為法國設定了四大能源目標與執行方針，包括
- 確保國家能源的獨立性與儲備安全；
- 保證能源價格具有競爭性；
- 維護人類健康與環境安全，尤以防止溫室效性惡化為重；
- 保證每人均有使用能源的權利以確保社會與地域的協調性。

這些目標的達成期限放眼至未來30年，但不可否認的是，目前的局勢看好能源價格將繼續攀升，因此，法案提供了四個達成目標的大方向：
- 精確掌握能源需求；
- 分散各種能源的使用量；
- 創新開發新型能源；
- 因時制宜確保能源的運輸與儲備。

為了落實法案的執行，法國政府對這些目標設訂了十分高的完成數字門檻，並對節能與再生能源的開發項目上闡明一定數目的執行計畫。如下條列所示：
- 在2050年內將溫室氣體排放量降至目前的一半數量（一般對已開發國家的標準為降至目前數量的1/4或1/5）；
- 從今至2015年為止，（在能源消費與經濟成長的比率下）每年平均減少2%的能源使用量，並在2030年之內達到減少2.5%的目標；
- 在2010年內，再生能源應佔法國所有使用能源的10%：
1. 至2010年時，再生能源所製造的國內電力使用量應達21%，也就是將目前的14%再向上提高50%的產量。
2. 利用再生能源製造的熱能應在2010年內向上提高50%的產量。
3. 生化燃料與其他再生燃料的使用量應在2005年12月31日前提高至2%，並在2010年12月31日提高至5.75%。

針對節能與再生能源的開發項目上，有三項計畫有待執行：
- 「開發型能源」計畫為擴增開發中國家人民可用的能源量。
- 「南向」計畫為在2010年時允許200000戶居民搭建太陽能熱水爐與允許50000住宅設置太陽能板。
- 「地球能源」計畫為在2010年時減少一千萬噸的石油使用量，而改由生質與生化燃料取代之。

本法案計畫也顧及法國核能的維護措施，同時以前述能源政策的前三大目標做為指導方針。因此，為了法案也預計在2012年內建立第一座壓水式核子反應爐（EPR）以便在2015年達成核能替換計畫，至於在預防核子外洩的保護上，壓水式反應爐計畫將匯集以往歐洲核能發電反應爐的使用經驗作為相關保護措施。保留核能的選項也暗示了法國政府將延用法國最優秀的核能建造商（AREVA）並繼續讓法國電力公司（EDF）作為電力供應單位。

最後，能源法也將焦點置於新型科技能源的研究與發展上。政府將公佈一份國家研究政策，並且每5年檢討這項研究政策的成效。此外，政府每年也會向議會呈報再生能源與節能的落實狀況。法國設立了兩個單位專職能源研究與發展政策的執行，第一個單位從今年開始將投入3.5億歐元於研究計畫上，第二個單位也將在今年起使用一百億歐元來建設大型工業。在改革的部份，法案第95條則賦予壓水式核子反應爐為國家公共建設工商營的法定身分，

新執行措施
能源法案標示了數項執行措施以便促進計劃的實踐目標，這除了顛倒指導法令政策（有關建築物的能源使用狀況）的順序之外，還包括以下新的措施：
- 節能認證（白証）：驅使能源使用業界節能。這是針對現有的措施外（法令規定、課稅），另外特別適用於市場業界的新措施。該措施要求所有的能源賣商都必須取得該認證，至於公司或集團若在節能上有具體行動表現的話也可以獲得節能認證。這樣的認證市場將可促使所有的業者齊力投入費用最為低廉的節能行動上；
- 確認地方集團角色：這些角色的功能在於介入能源開發的事業上。如同政府的行動一般，地域性的集團因為對能源概念的認識清楚、又具有在地性及親近居民的特性，因此可做為民眾最為信賴的中介端點，並可強化民眾對節能的認知，進而改善其行為，當然地方集團本應身當表率減少能源的消費量；
- 消費者資訊：能源法案有意加強消費者對於節能的概念認知，同時，法案也寄望能源業者能在其廣告訊息中告知民眾有關節能的重要性。此外，若學校能普遍落實能源問題的教育課程也將能大大提高民眾對於節能的敏感度。最後，法案也將要求市售產品都應當明列產品的完整價格（能源的購買與消費）；
- 再生能源：水力發電為法國首先應用的再生能源，而能源法案傾向建立較為省水的水力發電設施，所有的電力開採業者在適度獲得所需工業製造電量後便必須讓渡其位於下游的集水工程；此外法令也准許發展再生能源的業者可以使用水源作為研究之用，這些發展將可做為日後能源儲存安全政策的參考措施。至於其他再生能源，法案也開始實施有利於風力發電發展計畫的法規，法令授權地方團體依地域特性（電力網絡、保護區、地貌）自訂風力發電發展區。最後在火力發電的部份，法案也預計規劃期限長達數年的投資計畫；
- 保證電力供應品質、改善電力與天然氣網絡安全與加強儲備安全：有鑒於2003年熱浪侵襲法國造成重大傷亡事件後，能源法因此制定了負責電力運輸的行政系統以便檢視中期內電力供給安全並在電力出現失衡警戒時立即回報狀況給予能源部長進行緊急補救措施。由此可見，法案賦予法規制定委員會更大的監督權；
- 創設能源高等理事會：用來處置有關天然氣與電力的局勢與再生能源的發展等相關問題，並且接受有關節能認證的內容諮詢。
最後能源法將整合所有的能源法規，如此得以便利法令的執行並讓所有的公民都能對該法有正確的認識。

2008年10月17日
Masdar to Invest in London Array
by David Appleyard, Editor, Renewable Energy World Magazine
London, UK [RenewableEnergyWorld.com]

One fifth of the flagship 1 GW London Array offshore wind farm, planned for the Thames Estuary, is to be sold to Abu Dhabi's renewable energy initiative Masdar. Under the terms of a deal with Germany's E.ON, which owns 50% of the total stake, the companies are to form a joint venture partnership to develop the project.

Installed in two stages in the outer estuary more than 20 km off the Kent and Essex coasts, the first stage is due to be completed in 2012 and will consist of up to 175 turbines. The completed project will include up to 271 machines and will be the world’s largest offshore scheme.

Initially the focus of the Masdar-E.ON agreement will be on wind power and the London Array, but over the coming months the companies say they expect to announce a series of further renewable energy projects across a range of technologies. Early discussions have focused on the area of carbon emission reduction, and both companies say they would look to jointly develop JI/CDM projects.

E.ON owns the landmark project together with 50% partners Denmark’s DONG Energy. The two acquired Shell’s early stake in the development in July of this year after the oil major said it saw more lucrative returns on its renewables investment in the USA.

E.ON CEO Dr. Wulf Bernotat said: "The London Array is a pioneering project and marks a significant increase in scale for offshore wind farms in the UK, and also for E.ON. As with all major steps forward in our industry, the project will raise important challenges and the lessons we learn will be vital for the development of the next generation of offshore projects.’"

And, commenting just a few weeks after Masdar announced the purchase of a €120 million equity stake in Finnish wind turbine manufacturer WinWinD Oy, Dr. Sultan Al Jaber, CEO of Masdar, observed: "London Array is an important investment for Masdar into the wind sector. We believe that the offshore wind market will be a major force in the future and this is a very opportune time for us to enter this developing segment of the renewable energy market."

UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown said of the move: "This is an excellent example of the partnership we need between oil producing and oil consuming countries to develop new energy sources and technologies, diversifying their economies and reducing our dependence on carbon."

年 全球為資源開戰 

2030

英國智庫預測／

2030年五種世局大預測

〔編譯管淑平／綜合報導〕世界各國為了爭奪資源開戰；氣候難民讓南極人口暴增；公民自由受限，連生小孩都得先申請許可；住家能源使用量超出配額，碳排放監測器會自動關閉家中電器；交通費貴到國際體育賽事只能在網路上虛擬競賽…。

氣候難民  南極人口暴增  

KATSURAGI, Japan, Oct 1 (Reuters) - Japanese consumer electronics maker Sharp Corp aims to grab 50 percent market share in thin-film solar cells in four years as demand for renewable energy grows, an executive said on Wednesday.

Sharp, the world's second-largest solar cell maker behind Germany's Q-Cells , also plans to lift annual solar cell production capacity eight-fold to 6 gigawatts in 2014 or 2015, its Executive Vice President Toshishige Hamano told reporters.

Demand for solar cells, which convert solar energy into electricity, is expanding rapidly due to higher oil prices and concerns over climate change.

Thin-film solar cells use one-hundredth of the silicon needed in conventional solar cells, cutting production costs, although their conversion rates are lower.

Sharp expects thin-film solar cells to account for about 40 percent of an estimated global solar demand of 16 gigawatts in 2012.

In a step towards its goal of taking half of that market, Sharp plans to spend 72 billion yen ($680 million) to build a new solar cell plant in western Japan by March 2010, boosting its total thin-film solar cell output capacity to 640 megawatts a year from the current 160 megawatts.

The size of Sharp's current share in the thin-film solar cell market was unavailable. It held a 10 percent share in the global solar cell market in 2007, according to industry newsletter PVNews. (Reporting by Kentaro Hamada, writing by Mayumi Negishi, Kiyoshi Takenaka; Editing by Hans Peters)

美國國會通過對太陽能裝置稅賦扣除延長八年之法案, 將鼓勵美國住商建築裝置太陽能發電

October 3, 2008

Washington, DC, USA: Bailout Bill Signed into Law, Including 8 Year Solar Tax Credit Extension

Today, by a vote of 263-171, the U.S. House of Representatives passed historic legislation that extends the 30-percent federal investment tax credit for both residential and commercial solar installations for 8 years.

This landmark legislation is part of the $700 billion H.R. 1424, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, designed to address the U.S. financial crisis. It is the most significant federal policy ever enacted for the solar industry. President Bush has already signed the bill into law.

The solar tax credit provisions will:

· Extend for 8 years the 30-percent tax credit for both residential and commercial solar installations;

· Eliminate the $2,000 monetary cap for residential solar electric installations, creating a true 30-percent credit;

· Eliminate the prohibition on utilities from benefiting from the credit;

· Allow Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) filers, both businesses and families, to take the credit; and

· Authorize $800 million for clean energy bonds for renewable energy generating facilities, including solar.

Rhone Resch, President of the Solar Energy Industries Association, said, "Achieving this result has been the main policy focus of SEIA for two years, but our work is just beginning. Next year in the 111th Congress, SEIA will be a major voice on issues ranging from transmission, global warming, and national renewable electricity standards. Success on all of these issues will require that same coordination and effort from SEIA’s board, staff, and members. I look forward to the work to come. Congratulations and see you in San Diego for the celebration."

Based on Solarbuzz data, passage of this legislation could now unlock over 1.5 gigawatts of US photovoltaic projects waiting to proceed.

Concentrating Solar Power(CSP) Recent activity highlights

• In February 2008, Abengoa Solar signed a contract with Arizona Public Service Co. (APS), one of Arizona’s leading energy utilities, to build, own and operate the 280 MW Solana plant. The plant, scheduled to go into operation by 2011, will be located south west of Phoenix Arizona. It will sell the electricity produced to APS over the next 30 years for a total revenue of around $4 billion. The installation at the plant will include six hours of molten salt thermal storage to improve its load following characteristics.
• In April 2008, Northern Californian utility group Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) entered into a series of contracts with BrightSource Energy, Inc. for renewable solar power. The first three contracts are for a total of 500 MW of power to be supplied from three concentrating solar thermal power plants. PG&E also signed two contracts for options on an additional 400 MW of solar power, which would bring the total amount of power purchased under these five agreements to some 900 MW. Founder and chairman of BrightSource Energy, Arnold Goldman, was also the founder of Luz International (no longer in operation). Goldman and the Luz International team built the nine SEGS plants in California’s Mojave Desert between 1984 and 1990. BrightSource is currently developing a number of solar power plants in Southern California, with construction of the first plant planned to start in 2009. In June, BrightSource Energy and subsidiary Luz II dedicated their Solar Energy Development Center (SEDC) in the Negev’s Rotem Industrial Park, Israel.
• Ibereólica Solar is developing 1000 MW of thermosolar plants in Spain, in the autonomous regions of Extremadura, Andalucia, Castilla-La Mancha and Castilla y León. Ibereólica currently expects construction of its first eight thermosolar power plants (totalling 400 MW) by mid-2011.
• In May, Ibereólica Solar placed an order with Solel of Israel for more than 190,000 UVAC 2008 receiver systems to power eight 50 MW solar power plants Ibereólica is developing in southern Spain. Delivery of the receivers will commence in 2009.
• In March, Spanish engineering group Sener Grupo De Ingeniería S.A. and Masdar, Abu Dhabi’s alternative energy company, announced a 60:40 joint venture – Torresol Energy – to design, build and operate concentrating solar power (CSP) plants in the world’s sunbelt regions. This joint venture will commence work on three solar power plants in Spain with an approximate combined value of €800 million, one of which will be a CSP central tower receiver system. This technology will feature the first-ever commercial deployment of the industry-changing technology, and will set the standards for anticipated CSP projects across the sunbelt countries by 2012. Independently of Torresol Energy, Masdar is developing CSP plants in Abu Dhabi, and their Shams 1 plant is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2010.
• Sener has been working for almost a decade in the development of solar thermal power technology. The company is presently designing and building, in a joint venture, three 50 MW parabolic trough plants with molten salt storage in Spain.
• Ausra has just signed a power purchase agreement with PG&E to build the world’s first compact linear Fresnel reflector (CLFR) plant at 177 MW in California’s Central Valley.
• Solel is to construct a 553 MW complex of parabolic trough power plants in the Mojave Desert to fulfill a 25-year power purchase agreement with PG&E.
• Solar Tres, a central receiver design based on the US demonstration plant of the late 1990s, is reported to be close to obtaining financing, making it the first baseload solar power plant with round-the-clock power generation during the summer.
• Iberdrola is building a 50 MW parabolic trough plant at Puertollano in southern Castile, with plans for others.
• Southern California Edison (SCE) has signed a power purchase agreement with eSolar for a total of 245 MW from a series of prefabricated power tower solar thermal plants in the Antelope Valley region of Southern California. This will be the first commercial effort using the technology. By 2012 a 105 MW of operating capacity is scheduled for completion, ramping up to 245 MW by 2013. The development follows a $130 million funding round for eSolar in April led by Idealab, Google.org and Oak Investment Partners.
• Meanwhile, Schott is building new manufacturing plant for solar receiver tubes, both in Albuquerque, New Mexico and in Spain and Australia’s Ausra has opened a manufacturing facility in Las Vegas, Nevada.