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2009年02月的文章
檢視方式: 列表 摘要
February 28, 2009
February 27, 2009
1.法國的腳踏車停車樹: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcSD5MsQuVo&feature=related
2. 德國的腳踏車停車系統: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1bgcJMIV8Q&feature=related
3. 巴黎的腳踏車Vélib租借系統: http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/07/velib-film-paris-france-bike-sharing-bicycles.php
4. 東京江戶川區地下式9400腳踏車停車場http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE4fvwTBtno&feature=related
5. 挪威的Trondheim市腳踏車助上坡系統: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JtB8DX70ihM
February 25, 2009
歐洲風能協會：風能佔歐盟2008年新建發電廠供電能力的43%，風能產業雇用員工人數達16萬、投資額達110億歐元(4895億台幣)，德國與西班牙為大力推動風能的主要國家，法、英與義在2008年皆有均衡成長
2009/2/9
Wind now leads EU power sector
In 2008, more wind power was installed in the EU than any other electricity generating technology. Statistics released by the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) today show that 43% of all new electricity generating capacity built in the European Union last year was wind energy, exceeding all other technologies including gas, coal and nuclear power*.
A total of 19,651 MW of new power capacity was constructed in the EU last year. Out of this, 8,484 MW (43%) was wind power; 6,932 MW (35%) gas; 2,495 MW (13%) oil; 762 (4%) MW coal and 473 (2%) MW hydro power capacity.
For the first time, wind energy is the leading technology in Europe. A total of 64,949 MW of installed wind energy capacity was operating in the EU by end 2008, 15% higher than in 2007.
“The figures show that wind energy is the undisputed number one choice in Europe’s efforts to move towards clean, indigenous renewable power”, said Christian Kjaer, EWEA Chief Executive.
On average, 20 wind turbines were installed for every working day of 2008. By the end of the year, a total of 160,000 workers were employed directly and indirectly in the sector, which saw investments of about €11 billion(4895億台幣) in the EU. The wind power capacity installed by end 2008 will, in a normal wind year, produce 142 TWh of electricity, equal to about 4.2% of the EU’s electricity demand, and avoid the emission of 108 million tonnes of C0 2 per year, the equivalent of taking more than 50 million cars off Europe’s roads.
“Wind energy is an example of an intelligent investment that puts EU citizens’ money to work in their own economies rather than transferring it to a handful of fuel-exporting nations”, commented Kjaer. “Investing in wind energy means supporting technology leadership, climate protection, energy independence, commercial opportunities and jobs.”
Germany and Spain are still battling over the top spot. In 2008, Germany is back in a narrow lead with 1,665 MW against Spain’s 1,609 MW. But overall, 2008 saw a much more balanced expansion led by France, the UK and Italy, part of a ‘second wave’ of countries that are providing real momentum to the surge in wind energy. In 2008 Italy added 1,010 MW to reach a total of 3,736 MW of capacity; France 950 MW to reach 3,404 MW and the UK, 836 MW to reach 3,241 MW. Ten EU Member States – over one-third – now each have more than 1,000 MW of installed wind energy capacity[1]. Austria (995 MW) and Greece (985) are just below the 1,000 MW mark.
A distinct ‘third wave’ became visible for the first time in 2008 as the new Member States had their strongest year ever. Hungary doubled its capacity to 127 MW and Bulgaria tripled its capacity from 57 MW to 158 MW. Poland, one of the fastest growing younger markets, now has 472 MW up from 276 MW. Outside the EU Member States, Turkey tripled its wind energy capacity from 147 MW to 433 MW.
In terms of offshore wind energy, 357 MW of capacity was added in 2008, to reach a total of 1,471 MW. Nearly 2.3% of total installed EU capacity is now offshore.
*Please note that the statistics gathered do not include photovoltaic energy.
[1]These are: Germany, Spain, Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, the UK, Sweden and Ireland.
For a map, tables and charts showing the EU wind energy figures for 2008 in detail, http://www.ewea.org/index.php?id=180
February 25, 2009
美國風能協會：2008年全球風力發電成長達28.8%，相較2007年發電量提升36%，渦輪設備產值達475億美元，北美、歐洲與亞洲為主要市場，近兩年中國風能市場呈現倍數成長
AWEA, 2009/2/2
U.S. AND CHINA IN RACE TO THE TOP OF GLOBAL WIND INDUSTRY
The United States passed Germany to become world #1 in wind power installations, and China’s total capacity doubled for the fourth year in a row. Total worldwide installations in 2008 were more than 27,000 megawatts (MW), dominated by the three main markets in Europe, North America and Asia.
Global wind energy capacity grew by 28.8% last year, even higher than the average over the past decade, to reach total global installations of more than 120, 800 MW (120.8 gigawatts (GW) at the end of 2008. Over 27,000 MW (27 GW) of new wind power generation capacity came online in 2008, 36% more than in 2007.
"These figures speak for themselves: there is huge and growing global demand for emissions-free wind power, which can be installed quickly, virtually everywhere in the world. Wind energy is the only power generation technology that can deliver the necessary cuts in CO2 in the critical period up to 2020, when greenhouse cases must peak and begin to decline to avoid dangerous climate change,”said Steve Sawyer, Secretary General of GWEC. "The 120 GW of global wind capacity in place at the end of 2008 will produce 260 TWh and save 158 million tons of CO2 every year."
Wind energy is now an important player in the world’s energy markets. The global wind market for turbine installations in 2008 was worth about 36.5bn EUR or 47.5bn US$(1.6兆台幣).
"Wind power is often the most attractive option for new power generation in both economic terms and in terms of increasing energy security, not to mention the environmental and economic development benefits. Volatile fossil fuel prices and unreliable supply policies from fossil fuel rich countries increase the risk of relying on conventional sources for power production," said GWEC’s Chairman, Prof. Arthouros Zervos. "The wind industry also creates many new jobs: over 400,000 people are now employed in this industry, and that number will be in the millions in the near future."
The leading markets in terms of new installed capacity in 2008 were the US and China. New US wind energy installations totalled 8,358 MW for a total installed capacity of 25,170 MW. The US has now officially overtaken Germany (23,902 MW) as number one in wind power. Europe and North America are running neck-to-neck, with about 8,900 MW (8.9 GW) each of new installed capacity in 2008, with Asia closely following with 8,600 MW (8.6 GW).
The massive growth in the US wind market in 2008 increased the nation’s total wind power generating capacity by 50%. The new wind projects completed in 2008 account for about 42% of the entire new power-producing capacity added in the US last year, and created 35,000 new jobs, for a total of 85,000 employed in the sector in the US
At year's end, however, financing for new projects and new orders for turbines and components slowed to a trickle as the financial crisis began to hit the wind sector.
"The U.S. wind energy industry turned in a record-shattering performance in 2008, establishing wind as one of the leading sources of new electricity generation in the country and a job creation dynamo," said AWEA CEO Denise Bode. "At the same time, it is clear that the economic and financial downturn have begun to take a serious toll on new wind development. We look forward to working with President Obama and the new Congress on policies to restore the industry’s vital momentum and achieve President Obama’s goal of doubling renewable energy production in three years."
The growth in Asia's markets has also been breathtaking; close to a third of all new capacity in 2008 was installed on the Asian continent. In particular, the wind energy boom is continuing in China, which once again doubled its installed capacity by adding about 6,300 MW (6.3 GW), reaching a total of 12,200 MW (12.2 GW).
"The Chinese wind energy market is going from strength to strength, and has once again doubled in size compared to 2007, reaching over 12 GW of total installed capacity," said Shi Pengfei, Vice President of the Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA). "The outlook for the coming years is also very healthy.
In its response to the financial crisis, the Chinese government has identified the development of wind energy as one of the key economic growth areas. "In 2009, new installed capacity is expected to nearly double again, which will be one third or more of the world's total new installed capacity for the year," said Li Junfeng, Secretary General of the Chinese Renewable Energy Industry Association (CREIA).
At this rate, China would be well on its way to overtake Germany and Spain to reach second place in terms of total wind power capacity in 2010. China would then have met its 2020 target of 30,000 MW (30 GW) ten years ahead of time.
The growing wind power market in China has also encouraged domestic production of wind turbines and components, and the Chinese manufacturing industry is becoming increasingly mature, stretching over the whole supply chain.
"Now, the supply is starting to not only satisfy domestic demand, but also meet international needs, especially for components," said Li Junfeng. "In 2009, Chinese companies will start to enter the UK and Japanese markets, and orders for 200 blades have already been placed. There are also ambitions for exploring the US market in the coming years."
In Europe, almost 8,900 MW (8.9.GW) worth of new wind turbines brought total wind power generation capacity up to nearly 66,000 MW (66 GW). This makes wind power the leading power source for new generation capacity, according to the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA). While in the past, European growth was primarily spurred by the established markets in Germany, Spain and Denmark, 2008 saw a much more balanced expansion, led by France, the UK and Italy.
"The European figures show that wind energy is the undisputed number one choice in Europe's efforts to move towards clean, indigenous renewable power”, said Christian Kjaer, CEO of EWEA. “Wind energy is an example of an intelligent investment that puts EU citizens’ money to work in their own economies rather than transferring it to a handful of fuel-exporting nations”, commented Kjaer. “Investing in wind energy means supporting technology leadership, climate protection, energy independence, commercial opportunities and jobs.”
"We’re on track to meeting our target of saving 1.5 billion tons of CO2 per year by 2020", concluded Steve Sawyer, “but we need a strong, global signal from governments that they are serious about moving away from fossil fuels and protecting the climate. As positive outcome to the climate negotiations throughout this year, resulting in a new global agreement in Copenhagen in December, is of fundamental importance and will send the kind of signal that the industry, investors and the finance sector need for wind power to reach its full potential."
See tables and graphs http://www.gwec.net/fileadmin/documents/PressReleases/PR_stats_annex_table_2nd_feb_final_final.pdf
February 25, 2009
挪威政府通過研發資助包裹法案以因應金融危機，提高離岸風力發電等氣候研究補助至7500萬克朗(3億台幣)，並提升實驗室碳捕集研究設備，企業內部從事研發或參與聯合研發計劃皆可獲得減稅優惠.
Ref: Research Council of Norway, 2009/2/17
February 24, 2009
《笨蛋，問題在就業！》
2009.02.21民間國是會議講稿 前勞委會顧問劉進興
一、來勢洶洶的失業潮
過去九個月，彷彿一場惡夢。
去年大選時，藍綠競爭激烈。當時經濟成長率6.3%，欣欣向榮；失業率3.9%，七年來最低。但馬英九承諾，只要馬上，就會「馬上好」，達成「六三三」，即經濟成長率每年超過6％、失業率低於3％、國民年所得達到每人3萬美元。有夢最美！新總統產生後，綠營並沒有像2000或2004的藍軍那樣遊行抗議。大家都說，就讓馬英九做做看吧。
投票前台股八千四百點，大家都期待會衝破萬點大關。馬英九說，這算什麼？「目標應該放在兩萬點」。股票族一聽到明牌，歡喜若狂，不但投票給他，而且舉債加上一生積蓄撲向股市。
結果是美夢變惡夢，轉機變成台灣最大的危機。
危機接踵而來，分成四個階段：
第一階段是股市危機。五二○後，股市馬上跌。從九千三百點跌到六個月後的四千一百點，許多因為相信兩萬點而進場的人都血本無歸，傾家盪產。馬總統沒有道歉，由經濟部長尹啟銘出面解釋：「股市上兩萬點是玩笑話啦！」
第二階段是實質的經濟危機。2008年九月出口變成負成長。九月負1.6%，十月負8.3%，十一月負23.3%，十二月負41.9%，2009年一月負44.1%。影響所及，百業蕭條。經濟成長率也從第一季6.3%，第二季4.6%，第三季變成負1.0%，第四季則高達負8.36%，衰退的幅度為史上最大。
第三階段是失業危機。通常七、八月畢業季的失業率會上升，但到九月就會下降。去年九月失業率反而上升，就有蹊蹺。但勞委會的專業意見完全被忽視，馬政府高層仍然大唱失業率3%的「六三三」高調。可惜，中國觀光客來台之夢已碎，出口持續衰退，企業開始裁員。到了年底失業率已達5.03%，也就是說有55萬人失業，如果加上廣義失業者，以及以「無薪假」為名的部分失業者，估計失業或瀕臨失業者逼近一百萬人。
即將來臨的則是第四階段的財政危機。國民黨號稱執政經驗豐富，但遇到股市危機、經濟危機、失業危機，老將宛如生手，手忙腳亂，有廟就拜，有藥就吃。股市護盤成效不彰，投入的五千億，不知被外資與大戶套走多少。短期工程、消費券、教育券等成效可疑，卻已將子彈耗盡，還大量舉債，據立委潘孟安的估計，去年五二○以來，馬政府舉債計畫已經超過八千億，不但債留子孫，台灣恐怕會成為「第二個冰島」。
其中影響人民最嚴重的是失業問題。
2000年政黨輪替後，也曾有一波失業潮，但2008年的失業潮更嚴重，而且有幾個特徵：
(1) 來勢更兇：
1978至2008年31年間，除了2000年與2008年之外，其它每年第四季，即九月至十二月的失業率都是下降的，平均下降0.35％。但2000年第四季的失業率由3.10%到3.27%，上升了0.17%。2008年則由4.27%到5.03%，上升了0.76%，上升速度是八年前的4.5倍。
(2) 普及各行各業：
2000年的不景氣，主要的原因是美國網路科技產業的泡沫化，台灣受影響的主要是製造業，許多撐不下去的企業都外移到中國。但2008年的不景氣起源於金融業，馬上擴散到各個產業，歐洲、日本、中國都中鏢倒地。台灣廠商無處可逃，不只製造業的藍領勞工失業，服務業勞工、辦公室白領上班族、甚至高科技產業的工程師，無一倖免。
(3) 規模更大：
上次失業潮，失業率從2000年9月的3.1%起跳，一年後（2001年10月）達到最高點5.3%，兩年後（2002年10月）才開始下降。這次失業潮，失業率從2008年9月的4.3%開始，三個月就超過5%，方興未艾。而且這次許多企業盛行所謂「無薪假」，勞工雖然還保住工作，但工作天數減少，薪資下跌，只是部分就業，其實已瀕臨失業邊緣。根據勞委會的調查，去年12月在員工規模兩百人以上的企業中，受無薪假影響人數已超過20萬人，還不包括佔七成以上的中小企業勞工呢。換句話說，潛在失業率已經遠遠超過7%，而且還在持續上升中。
(4) 失業週期長：
去年底，主計處公佈平均失業週數是26週，創三年來新高，6個月失業給付的期限已經不足以保護失業勞工了。美國的作法當失業率高過某一門檻時，失業給付延長為9個月，問題更嚴重時，則由國會特別撥款延長到12個月。立法院上會期民進黨的陳節如委員就曾提案要延長失業給付期限，卻被國民黨擋下。最近勞委會主委王如玄說「不排除」延長，但因各縣市工會正反意見都有，應該等到平均失業週數超過9個月再說。可是，失業週數只是說已經失業多久，被不表示已經找到工作。台大辛炳隆教授估計，從失業到真正找到工作所需要的時間，其實在39週以上。國民黨擁有國會3/4的多數，卻不做好事，只將責任推給縣市工會。相較於對汽車、DRAM產業紓困的急急如律令，馬政府救資本家何其急，救勞工何其慢啊？
景氣下滑已經半年，國內外都還聽不到一絲復甦的風聲，這次失業潮究竟會多高？會持續多久？真是令人不寒而慄。但更令人害怕的是，號稱要完全執政的馬政府似乎後知後覺，無力解決這樣的危機。
二、手足無措的對策
(1) 輕忽失業問題
失業率上升的趨勢早已有跡可尋。上述畢業潮過後，九月失業率持續上升，勞委會就已提出警訊，卻被馬政府高層認為是唱衰六三三的烏鴉嘴。各地就業服務機構的求才求職比率，去年上半年平均1.1，亦即工作機會比求職人數略多。但七月以後勞動力市場就變成供過於求，從0.8一直降到年底的0.6。但馬英九總統仍然死鴨仔硬嘴杯。在11月中旬的「台灣政商圓桌會議」上說：競選時的論點不變。策略不變，2009年失業率將降至3%以下。是什麼樣的人提供他這樣錯誤的訊息和虛假的信心啊﹖﹗
當時的馬政府急著用國安基金和四大基金救股市。護盤失敗，又提出十大振興經濟方案，包括用「證交稅減半」來救股市。證交稅減半不可能有效，又嚴重違反賦稅正義，連國民黨立委都反對，最後不了了之。另外一個方案是「遺贈稅大幅調降」。景氣如此惡劣，降遺贈稅也無法吸引投資，只是藉著危機劫貧濟富而已。馬政府幫富人減稅，又動用勞工退休金去救股票族，卻對勞工最擔心的失業問題輕忽以待，思考方式完全本末倒置。
(2) 沒有珍惜歷史經驗
相對於馬政府，2000年民進黨政府面對失業潮時的作法很不一樣。當時的政府將解決就業問題當成首要之務。
針對失業者，那時還沒有失業保險，民進黨政府就先大幅放寬暫時性的「勞保失業給付」的請領門檻，並馬上制訂就業保險法，讓所有失業者都能領取。就業服務據點由37個擴增至272 個。同時擴大職業訓練，提供訓練生活津貼。並且在失業率居高不下時，推動「公共服務擴大就業計畫」，提供近九萬個臨時工作機會，以維持失業者所得，並防止尚有工作能力者因為長期失業而退出職場。
針對就業者，除了加強職業訓練，以提升就業能力外，勞委會與各大學合辦就業學程，協助畢業生順利與職場接軌。青輔會舉辦青年職場體驗，幫助年輕人敲開就業的第一扇門，教育部也將對畢業生就業輔導列入技職校院的評鑑項目中。
更重要的是強化社會安全體系。除了就業保險外，2004年通過勞工退休新制，勞工即使失業也不會失去退休金，大大減少了勞資糾紛，並且催化了後來的勞保老年給付年金以及國民年金。
要是沒有民進黨政府建構的就業保險、勞工退休新制，以及普及各鄉鎮的就業服務網，馬政府這次會更手忙腳亂。
聽說當初罵高鐵是破銅爛鐵的立委，現在搭高鐵時總是戴著墨鏡，用報紙遮住臉；當初將民進黨面對失業潮的政策罵得一文不值的馬團隊，不知道是不好意思還是不懂得珍惜這些經驗的傳承，好像從零開始，手足無措，又走了許多冤枉路。
(3) 沒有對症下藥，不救失業只救失業率
馬政府一開始輕忽失業問題的嚴重性，一旦警覺開始動作，又因診斷錯誤對而失誤連連。
譬如「政府挺銀行、銀行挺企業、企業挺勞工」的三挺就是頭痛醫腳的庸醫政策。金融體系的健全當然很重要，銀行不能倒。經過民進黨執政時打消呆帳，銀行體質已經大幅改善，這次雖經國際金融風暴，還能挺住。但馬政府要銀行挺企業，體質好的不需要挺，體質不好的不敢挺。不挺的話，銀行評鑑時就會遭殃。挺的話，又是呆帳一大堆，等於自殘。即使救了企業，只要訂單不來，裁員仍然在所難免，要企業挺勞工，根本是空想。要救勞工，就應直接挺勞工。馬政府心中只有資本家，名為救勞工，其實是要救資本家，如此九彎十八拐，把勞工放在最末端，怪不得會失敗。
馬政府的各項短期就業方案，表面上是延續2003年「公共服務擴大就業計劃」，但因為沒有掌握核心精神，效果大打折扣。
關鍵在於，2003年時規定這些短期工作都必須是由新設計的計畫或是提前實施的施政計劃提供，才不會是新瓶裝舊酒的假工作。當時的工作內容，新設計的如教師助理；部會幾年後要完成而提前或加速執行的如戶政資料掃瞄電子化，都是有實質價值的工作。
但這次許多各部會只把原來執行中計劃的工作機會釋出。譬如台中縣政府要建置戶政電腦資料庫，本來打算由既有戶政人員執行，但為了配合中央降低失業率的政策，改為釋出給民眾參與【2008-11-14聯合報】。甚至報載有些政府約聘人員被解雇，只為了把位子空出來給失業者來作。這些都是不救失業，只救失業率的幻術，徒然造成許多冗員或產生排擠效應。
文官體系一定知道民進黨政府的失業對策是如何成功的，為何不肯或不敢提出誠實的建議。也許是看出馬政府是玩假的，就應付應付。這也顯示馬政府的領導能力有問題。
根據馬政府這半年來開出的種種就業支票，包括「愛台十二大建設」提供10萬個工作機會，「加強地方建設擴大內需」5萬6千個，「立即上工計畫」1萬5千個，「大型搶救失業計畫」6萬9千個，「97年短期促進就業方案」5萬6千個，「98-101年促進就業方案」20萬個，「振興經濟新方案」15萬個，總共將創造64萬6千個工作機會，幾乎可以讓台灣達到零失業的完美境界。如此誇大，不但無法取信於民，恐怕馬英九自己也不相信吧？
(4) 堅持傾中路線，救失業同時創造失業
馬政府堅持傾中路線，一方面救失業，一方面又加速對中國之資本流動，形同一邊救火一邊添油。
二月中經濟學人的報導指出，台灣出口逾四分之一銷往中國，受到這次中國成長衰退的拖累，而出口又進一步拖垮國內消費，成為全球金融危機受創最嚴重的國家。
由於台灣過度依賴，去年12月中國出口下降2.8%，進口下降25%，台灣出口年增率竟然負成長高達41.9%，是亞洲四小龍中最嚴重的。到了這個地步，江丙坤還說，「依賴中國不是壞事」。經濟海嘯中，隨人顧性命，中國開始將台商掃地出門，馬政府居然還視死如歸，怪不得外資看衰我們，里昂證券預測今年台灣經濟將衰退11%，失業問題只會越演越烈。
更糟糕的是，馬政府在此危險關頭，還想引入中國勞動力。
經濟部已經核准工研院今年招收包括中國在內的外籍碩士生，以攻讀博士方式參與技術研發。他們畢業後，可以繼續留在台灣到企業從事研發。雖說是國際招生計畫，但大家都知道以到中國招生成功機率最高。
去年11月行政院宣佈，大學及四技二專將可招收中國學生，估計每年兩千人，今年九月開始。教育部雖強調，這些學生不得就業，但又說如有私人企業聘用，不在教育部權限。
要引進的這些所謂人才，並非「頂尖人才」，而是台灣畢業生可以勝任的「一般人才」。一旦引入，失業率勢必飆升。而且此門一開，將來就會援例開放引入一般中國勞工。
馬政府的的就業政策裡頭竟然包括這些「反就業方案」，可見其意識型態治國的嚴重程度。
三、我們的主張
經濟不景氣雖是全球現象，但台灣跌得最慘，馬政府難辭其咎。馬政府表面上錯誤百百種，核心問題卻只有兩個：(1) 顧資本不顧勞工，(2) 傾中不顧台灣經濟主體性。
我們認為，在全球不景氣中，人民與產業更需要政府的照顧。政府應該作什麼？有兩個主軸： (1) 解決人民的痛苦，(2) 為景氣再起作準備。前者包括對失業者的協助，與對社會安全網的補強；後者包括產業升級、產業轉型、與人才培育。譬如：
1. 延長失業給付：
這次失業潮規模之大，週期之長，就業保險法所提供的六個月失業給付已經不足以應付。我們主張由專家制訂一定的失業情勢門檻（如失業率、失業週期），超過時得將失業給付延長為9個月，必要時延長至12個月。上個會期陳節如委員的提案沒通過，這個會期馬政府及其黨團應該拋棄成見，儘速通過以協助失業勞工。
2. 強化社會安全網：
職場競爭力較弱勢的勞工，即使窮盡失業給付，仍然無法就業時，往往還不符合低收入戶的資格，以致陷入失業給付與社會救助兩不管的困境。我們主張制訂一套「失業救助機制」，以協助這些長期失業者。
3. 提供有社會價值的短期工作機會：
民進黨執政時期設計的「公共服務擴大就業計畫」及「多元就業方案」，核心精神在不與既有計畫重複，工作性質必須有助於國家長期施政（如加速戶政資料電子化），或具有社會價值者（如協助NGO社團推動社會服務，老人與幼兒照顧服務），對象也集中在長期失業者。這一套模式已經證明具體可行，就看馬政府的執行力如何。針對目前各界的質疑，希望馬政府能虛心檢討，以免滋生冗員，並能幫助真正需要的勞工。
4. 擴大為未來佈局的公共投資：
857億的消費券雖然皆大歡喜，卻是船過水無痕，無法累積為景氣再起之張本。我們反對再發消費券，而應該投資於公共財的建設。我們也不贊成也作零零散散的小型工程，而應該投資在有助於長期經濟發展的基礎建設。民進黨執政時期完成員山仔分洪道，一舉馴服基隆河，可以作為典範。譬如，可以全面整治台灣河川，以杜絕水患。
5. 發展在地型產業：
過去台灣經濟偏重外銷產業，以致工作機會集中在特定園區，造成城鄉差距；遇到國際不景氣時，失業率更是直直落。我們主張發展在地型產業，譬如民進黨執政時期開放釀酒，許多農村酒莊成為地方觀光景點；開放民宿，協助建立休閒農業；補助休耕農地種植花卉；保證價格收購多年生水果（如柳丁）；協助地方農會以多餘米倉改建為蔬果冷凍倉。這些措施促成了精緻農業、農業旅遊業的發展，遠比夢想中國收購台灣柳丁實際多了。馬政府應該延續這些計畫並發揚光大，以創造農村就業機會。
6. 發展長期照護產業：
台灣已經漸漸進入高齡社會，民進黨從1992年推動敬老年金以來，逐步建立農民年金、勞工退休金，終於有今日之全民退休制度。老年人的長期照護體系之建立是下一步最重要的工作，我們主張全力發展長期照護產業，一方面為社會之所需，另一方面也可創造大量的工作機會。
7. 讓教育與職場接軌
馬政府最近為了壓低年輕人的失業率，發放教育券（或換湯不換藥的其他補貼）讓他們回學校上課。讀了四年無法就業，難道多讀一年就能提升就業力嗎？我們反對把學生塞回學校，我們主張讓學生接近職場。民進黨執政時建立的「大學就業學程」、「最後一哩」、「青年職場體驗」模式，讓學生有機會接觸到有實務經驗的企業教師，或到職場參觀實習，才能真正讓教育與職場接軌。
8. 回歸經濟主體性：
馬政府最大的問題是，將台灣的經濟前途都寄託在中國，但對中國貨品走私、傾銷，以及中國政府打壓台商的行為都默不作聲。馬政府「我本將心向明月，奈何明月照溝渠」的結果是：希望中國遊客救台灣觀光，泡湯了；希望中國訂單救台灣柳丁，失敗了；希望中國經濟救台灣經濟，但中國出口一衰退，台灣對中出口萎縮得比其他國家厲害，失業問題也比其他國家嚴重。但馬政府傾中路線仍然鍥而不捨，最近更宣稱要與中國簽訂CECA，此台灣產業為芻狗，只因為相信「依賴中國不是壞事」，已經引起整個社會的恐慌。
我們主張，應該藉此經濟危機，讓台中經貿關係正常化，也就是回歸經濟主體性，擺脫對中國的過度依賴，加速產業升級，加強內需產業，使台灣經濟平衡發展，才能創造更多的工作機會，讓人民分享經濟的成果。
本文為 2009.02.21 民間國是會議講稿
並刊於 http://blog.roodo.com/cjliu
February 22, 2009
馬政府兩個月來連續對發展綠色能源科技的再度承諾
中時電子報2009/02/22 呂雪彗／台北報導
馬英九總統昨天召開當前總體經濟情勢及因應對策會議，作出七大裁示挽救經濟衰退。面對全球大衰退，全球產業大洗牌，馬英九強調未來台灣必須發展自己優勢，指示政院3個月內在出口產品多元、IT產業取得關鍵技術、自有品牌發展等面向提出具體策略。
總統府昨天邀集劉揆及所有財經閣員召開當前總體經濟情勢及因應對策會議，會後總統府發言人王郁琦召開記者會，轉述馬英九會議七大救經濟方向的裁示。
在全球金融大海嘯之後，造成全球大衰退，緊接帶來全球產業大洗牌，馬英九裁示，未來必須有所作為，找出自己定位，發展台灣優勢，在經濟困頓時時機，提出長期規劃，在下一階段全球競爭中確立台灣發展利基。
因台灣出口衝擊嚴重，避免產品過度集中，受制代工，馬英九責成行政團隊應在出口產品多元化、品牌化、關鍵技術取得等面向，三個月內出具體策略。
關鍵新興產業發展方面，馬英九提出包括觀光旅遊、醫療照護、生物科技、綠色能源、文化創意、精緻農業等六大產業面向，指示投注更多資源，擴大規模，提昇其產業價值，輔導及吸引民間投資。另加強導傳統產業發展，開拓新興市場商機。
馬英九進一步指出，今年政府投入大筆預算，可大幅改善過去政府投資長期不足現象，應以法規鬆綁與租稅措施，創造民間投資誘因，以吸引民間資金投入經濟發展。
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總統：學者認為台灣非常適合發展綠色科技
中央社2009.01.19
總統馬英九今天表示，一位美國麻省理工學院教授認為，綠色科技是下一階段重要產業，台灣就是一個非常適合發展的地方；若台灣先發展，會成為世界領導者。
馬總統指出，過去一段時間，國外有一些報導對台灣經濟發展有不同意見，但有一些還是相當肯定台灣基本體質，包括在金融產業各方面。這些報導與上述那位教授都提醒他，在不景氣時千萬不要只做短期的，要看長期，否則到時景氣復甦，「你還是輸家」，如何尋找下一個關鍵產業就是這個道理。
總統上午在總統府接見新聘任無給職資政時說，最近一段時間，台灣在國際社會能見度愈來愈高，大家都在看台灣。他稍早跟一位美國麻省理工學院教授在談，這位教授覺得綠色科技將是下一階段重要產業，而台灣就是一個非常適合發展的地方。
總統表示，這位教授認為，台灣有很好的高科技基礎，尤其是資訊業，資訊科技將來會成為綠色科技一個基礎，台灣有這個條件；台灣生活風格與方式非常快速現代化，很不容易；台灣相對來說不是很大，牽動因素會比較小，若台灣先發展，會成為世界領導者。
馬總統表示，這些觀點政府都會慎重參考，據他了解，行政院也有這樣的想法。除了綠色科技外，還包括文化創意產業、健康醫療照護產業、觀光業等。
February 22, 2009
資訊產品及技術將在二氧化碳減量扮演重要角色
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and CO2 Emissions
Author：Science and Technology Division, UK Position：Science and Technology Division, UK
Article Source：POSTnote December 2008, Number 319
Publish Date：2009.02.11
According to analysis, 2% of global carbon dioxide results from the manufacture, use and disposal of ICT equipment. It equals to total emissions of aviation industry. With the increasing application of ICT, it is predicted that by 2020 ICT will contribute 3% of global emissions.
According to analysis, 2% of global carbon dioxide results from the manufacture, use and disposal of ICT equipment. It equals to total emissions of aviation industry. With the increasing application of ICT, it is predicted that by 2020 ICT will contribute 3% of global emissions.
From 2003 to 2007, the cost of non-domestic electricity increased around twofold, reflecting organizations’ demand for electricity and showing the importance of power management to organizations.
On the other hand, through application of ICT, other sectors such as transportation and manufacturing can enhance their energy efficiency and reduce emissions. Hence, making good use of ICT can actually contribute to global emission reductions even though ICT itself increase emissions.
Legislation
In 2005 the European Parliament officially launched the Directive of Eco-design Requirements of Energy-using Products, known as EuP. It aims to instil the life-cycle environmental impact of a product in manufacturers’ minds when they design and develop a product. There will be various minimum standards for energy efficiency set for different product groups. Products covered by the Directive, including ICT equipment, will have to abide by the standards to sell in the European markets.
The Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) introduced in the 2007 Energy White Paper requires large organizations to take part in emission trading schemes. Measures like this that aim to regulate total carbon emissions of companies may be more effective than those specifically set to control ICT emissions. However, the British Computer Society (BCS) expresses its concerns over the incompleteness of CRC regulation. According to CRC, emissions produced by outsourced data centers do not have to be included in emission reports of the companies that should be responsible for them. BCS worries that rather than working to reduce emissions, companies may on the other hand be attracted to outsource data centers, shifting skilled jobs abroad.
Also, data retention laws may cause extra burden to ICT’s efficiency. Requiring more information saved in an immediately retrievable status needs more storage in data centers, increasing its workload.
Labeling
Labeling the energy efficiency of a product is another method to promote ICT emission reductions. Labels can be voluntary or mandatory; can present only in-use energy or the whole life-cycle impact.
Mandatory labeling
In 2006 the EU initiated a mandatory labeling for white goods, using ranks from A to G to show the energy efficiency of a product. ICT manufacturers disagree with a similar system to apply to ICT products, arguing that ICT products, with various modes available, are too sophisticated for such labeling system. Instead, they suggested labeling the power under ‘typical’ modes. However, consumers may get confused by wattage figures. Rather than messages for energy efficiency, the figures may only be used to calculate electricity cost. Now intellect is working on a ‘green sheet’, showing data and information of energy consumption, to help consumers operate devices in the most energy-efficient way.
ICT equipment in the office
Office equipment, including PCs, laptops, printers and telephones, contributes half of all ICT’s energy. Due to the various users, it is hard to regulate individual behavior to achieve energy management. Some technological improvements may help (see Table 1).
Switching off and CO2 emission reductions
A survey conducted by the National Energy Foundation (NEF) shows that 18% of office workers never switch off their PC at nights or weekends; a further 13% leave it on for some nights on end each week. The behavior is estimated to cause 700,000 tones of CO2 emissions, an equivalent of yearly emissions of a typical gas-fired power station. To improve the situation, the most efficient way is to install centralized ‘active power management’ software that can automatically switch off all office equipment between certain hours but still allows it to be switch back on for remote software maintenance during these hours. NEF estimates that with the help of the software, an organization of 20,000 staff can save 175,000 pounds per year.
Energy use and ICT life-chain
In-use energy consumption only accounts for one part of the life environmental impact ICT brings along, manufacture and disposal of ICT both have serious influences on our environment. However, the focus of ICT efficiency has so far simply remained on in-use energy. It is rather difficult to assess the whole life environmental impact of ICT as its supply chain is long and extensive, increasing the uncertainty greatly. For example: Whether extending the life of equipment, rather than going through disposing and manufacturing, can cause less emissions within the sector? When is the most energy-efficient moment to replace old equipment with a new one?
PAS 2050, a methodology introduced by the British Standard Institute in October 2008, is to help organizations estimate their total life emissions from goods and services. Companies that calculate their emissions and are devoted to reducing emissions will be given an official carbon label to use.
Other environmental impact
Along with emissions, the use of harmful materials is another environmental concern coming with ICT. In 2007 the Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment Directive (WEEE) was officially adopted in the UK, requiring ICT manufacturers to pay for the cost concerning treatment, recycling and disposal of waste equipment. In 2006 the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) was implemented in the UK, controlling the application of some hazardous chemicals used in products.
Overview
• 2% of global carbon dioxide result from the information and communications technology sector;
• There are many easy ways to improve energy efficiency of ICT, especially in data centers;
• The current focus of in-use energy efficiency should be extended to cover the whole life environmental impact coming along with ICT;
• ICT can be used to reduce emissions in other sectors and the benefit of such application is greater than the negative impact ICT itself brings along;
• Policy initiatives to assist in ICT emission reductions include: legislation, eco-labelling and procurement standards.
Table 1 Improvement in the office
More efficient components Advanced chip design (e.g. ‘multi-core’ processors) can save 30-60% of the energy required by the micro-processors within electronic equipment.
Power management Enabling the low power mode of a computer can save greatly consumption of electricity.
Laptop computers The energy consumption of a laptop is only around one third of a desktop.
Thin clients Terminals between users and servers that transmit messages, without processing information. Its energy efficiency is much higher than PCs.
Multi-functional devices A device with multi-functions is more efficient than separate devices (e.g. a printer with printing, scanning and copying functions are more efficient than running several machines).
February 22, 2009
全台第一戶 電力自給自足的家庭
太陽在我家 麥家減碳發電拼經濟
於嘉義縣布袋鎮的麥宅，是全台灣申請「經濟部能源局太陽光電發電系統補助」的第一個電力自給自足的家庭，大家長麥金生秉持環保理念，先後申請裝設兩套發電設備（第一套設備於90年8月22日竣工），讓住在34坪三層樓透天厝的一家九口，從原本每期四、五千元的電費大減為一、兩千元，到現在每期只需繳交84元的基本電費，甚至還有七百餘元回售電力給台電的收入。
政府補助裝設 並提供參考廠商資料及協助諮詢
「其實我當初申請不是為了省錢，只是覺得可以利用太陽光，這麼方便就能發電，為什麼不試試看？」麥金生回想說，當時他看到媒體報導經濟部能源局有這項新補助措施，想想家中女兒正好要開始電腦教學工作，如果停電怎麼辦？因此，最好自己家中有套電力系統；再加上他一向對新科技很感興趣，所以就決定申請裝設，成為當年度第一套申請的系統，「沒想到還拿了個第一，90001編號就在我家！」
工研院當時提供麥金生一串廠商名單，讓麥金生依需求挑選，「很多大廠商都做公司行號生意，起初看到只是個住家小case，都不願意接。」麥金生原本有些無奈，但在工研院太陽光電科技中心（簡稱太電中心）人員熱心協助下，找到高雄旺安公司施作，總共裝置1.35瓩，能源局補助20.25萬元，麥家只付20.35萬元，一切就由廠商搞定。
之後在工研院太電中心積極推廣宣導並提供技術協助下，麥金生於92年再度燃起申請裝設意願，他要求廠商降低價位，讓民眾更有能力負擔，這次他找到伸浦公司再裝設3.6瓩，能源局補助54萬元，其餘只需自付61.9萬元即完成。兩套設備讓麥宅透天厝頂樓，約有三分之二的面積滿布45片太陽能模板（共4.95瓩），「除了吸收陽光發電外，感覺上還有隔熱效果！家中比較不會那麼熱。」麥金生滿意地說。（麥宅太陽光電系統，實際發電容量目前為4.725瓩）
從付電費到領電費 太陽光電經濟效益顯著
「白天時我們一家九口的用電，靠太陽光電就綽綽有餘！」麥金生說，第二套設備原本就與台電併聯，去年他再投資10多萬元，把第一套設備也改為併聯，這樣生產多餘的電力都可轉到台電，「以前轉給台電還要付它錢，不過從去年起已改為以一度一塊多的價格賣給台電。」（編按：台電實際購電價格以各地區躉售電合約為準）
兩套設備到底為麥家省下多少錢？麥金生苦思地說：「我真的沒太計較，也搞不太清楚。」但光從原本每期要繳給台電四千餘元電費，到台電得付七百餘元向麥家買電，太陽光電的經濟效益就顯而易見了。麥金生說：「我剛裝設時，親友都認為實在有夠貴，但這幾年物價、電價飆漲，他們反倒回過頭來誇獎我做了正確的選擇！」
「不要以為陰天就沒法發電，只要有光就有機會！」麥金生以自身經驗強調，像夏天經常烈日當頭的天氣，他們家光一天就可以累積發電20多度，陰雨天雖然明顯減少，但還是可以有1、2度，加上搭配節約用電的生活習慣，平均算下來，一個月最多可以發電600多度。
「白天時我們一家九口的用電，靠太陽光電就綽綽有餘！」麥金生說，第二套設備原本就與台電併聯，去年他再投資10多萬元，把第一套設備也改為併聯，這樣生產多餘的電力都可轉到台電，「以前轉給台電還要付它錢，不過從去年起已改為以一度一塊多的價格賣給台電。」(台電實際購電價格以各地區躉售電合約為準)
綠衣郵差變身環保先鋒
人人都可做環保麥家環保家庭的成功經驗，證明了人人都可應用高科技，親身做環保，綠建築或太陽發電不是只有科學家或高級知識份子才能辦到！62歲的麥金生，曾在郵局服務近35年，原本只有國小畢業的他，進入郵局後才半工半讀念完高中夜間部，從綠衣郵差變身為環保先鋒的麥金生強調：「我覺得每個人都可以走在時代的前面做環保，現在科技資訊這麼多，重要是願意接受訊息及嘗試應用！」
麥金生特別肯定經濟部能源局提供「太陽光電發電系統申請補助」的措施，讓他們不但能減輕裝設系統的經濟壓力，還能環保過生活，此外，也感謝工研院太電中心的熱心輔導及技術協助，「他們很熱心，有任何困難找他們，都不會推拖，馬上幫忙解決。」麥金生表示，像他想把第一套設備轉為併聯時，太電中心人員詳細解說工程，還經常在施工過程中探視、協助，「所以我才能把多餘的電都轉售給台電」。
為了鼓勵一般民眾及政府機關、公司行號、各級學校裝設太陽光電發電系統，經濟部能源局提供一半設置補助，施作安裝由廠商負責，工研院太電中心提供技術協助，種種便利就是希望將太陽光電發電系統普遍設置於各個地區。麥金生鼓勵大家：「油料總有用完的一天，位處亞熱帶的台灣四面環海，陽光取得無虞，大家應該一起做環保！」
February 22, 2009
為了響應世界，響應這群為了自己國家犧牲奉獻、努力爭取自由民主的一群人....
頭前溪社將於3/2-6 於交通大學舉辦圖博週系列活動，歡迎各界關心圖博議題的人可以一同來參與、關心與了解圖博。
活動名稱：圖博週系列活動
活動時間：2009.03.02(一)-2009.03.06(五)
活動地點：交通大學（光復校區）
活動網址：http://toucianriver.blogspot.com/
主辦單位：頭前溪社
協辦單位：台灣圖博之友會、清大人社系系學會、清大通識教育中心、清華電台、清大僑生聯誼會、交大人社系系學會、交大科技與社會中心、清大人類所、清大社會所
有人說：那是離「天」最近的地方。
英譯Tibet，中譯圖博或西藏，有著美麗聖城拉薩的地方，曾幾何時，她的面貌已改變。
1949年，中國解放軍大舉入侵圖博，改變長久以來圖博人篤信佛教的生活與文化面貌，虔誠的圖博人轉而起義抗暴，1959年3月10日，圖博人民群起反抗遍佈全藏區，數以千、萬計的男人、女人及小孩罹難，達賴喇嘛與七、八萬圖博人被迫逃往印度並於印度成立圖博流亡政府，為圖博的自由繼續奮鬥。
半個世紀以來，國際間人權團體皆於3月10日「圖博國家抗暴日」走上街頭、聲援圖博。去年3月適逢北京奧運前夕，中國境內境外聲援圖博自由的示威行動更是此起彼落，尤其是3月14日發生中共大舉鎮壓拉薩城，監禁、刑求數百位喇嘛與圖博人民，並封鎖外國媒體後，國際間一片嘩然，圖博的真相再次浮現…。
於是在遙遠藏區，在藏曆新年將屆時，流傳著這樣一份傳單「在去年310拉薩事件中，數以千計的同胞被捕入獄，數以千計的同胞慘遭迫害，數以千計的同胞下落不明，我們這些安生苟活的藏人，如果你還良心未泯，如果你願意同甘共苦，就請做到以下兩點︰不縱歌歡娛；不燃放爆竹煙花。僅此兩點希望大家都能做到，讓我們緬懷逝者，祈福生者！」
有人說：那是離「天」最近的地方。
英譯Tibet，中譯圖博或西藏，有著美麗聖城拉薩的地方，曾幾何時，她的面貌已改變。
1949年，中國解放軍大舉入侵圖博，改變長久以來圖博人篤信佛教的生活與文化面貌，虔誠的圖博人轉而起義抗暴，1959年3月10日，圖博人民群起反抗遍佈全藏區，數以千、萬計的男人、女人及小孩罹難，達賴喇嘛與七、八萬圖博人被迫逃往印度並於印度成立圖博流亡政府，為圖博的自由繼續奮鬥。
半個世紀以來，國際間人權團體皆於3月10日「圖博國家抗暴日」走上街頭、聲援圖博。去年3月適逢北京奧運前夕，中國境內境外聲援圖博自由的示威行動更是此起彼落，尤其是3月14日發生中共大舉鎮壓拉薩城，監禁、刑求數百位喇嘛與圖博人民，並封鎖外國媒體後，國際間一片嘩然，圖博的真相再次浮現…。
於是在遙遠藏區，在藏曆新年將屆時，流傳著這樣一份傳單「在去年310拉薩事件中，數以千計的同胞被捕入獄，數以千計的同胞慘遭迫害，數以千計的同胞下落不明，我們這些安生苟活的藏人，如果你還良心未泯，如果你願意同甘共苦，就請做到以下兩點︰不縱歌歡娛；不燃放爆竹煙花。僅此兩點希望大家都能做到，讓我們緬懷逝者，祈福生者！」
3/2晚上7點-9點開幕座談
主題：認識圖博與3月圖博抗暴事件
邀請來賓：翁仕杰（前臺灣西藏交流基金會副秘書長）、凱度頓珠（西藏流亡政府國會議員）、索朗多吉（達賴喇嘛宗教基金會秘書長）、嘉布頓珠（留台藏生）交通大學（光復校區）
工程四館B1國際會議廳
3/3 晚上7點-9點影展（一）與座談
影片：邁向西藏自由之路
邀請來賓：楊長鎮（台灣圖博之友會副會長）交通大學（光復校區）
科學二館2F演講廳
3/4 晚上7點-9點圖博講座
講題：走一趟道地的圖博之旅
講者：趙中麒( 台大社會所博士生)、林汝羽(清大社會所碩士生)交通大學（光復校區）
科學二館2F演講廳
3/5中午11點半-1點半梅竹特別加映
影片：禁忌的足球隊
邀請來賓：嘉布頓珠（留台藏生）（邀請中）、清交足球校隊
備有藏奶、歡迎攜帶午餐交通大學（光復校區）
工程二館107教室
晚上7點-9點影展（二）
（市民場次）
影片：邁向西藏自由之路新竹市勝利路326號
3/6 晚上7點-9點閉幕影展（三）
影片：西藏台北
邀請來賓：吳米森（導演）交通大學（光復校區）
科學二館2F演講廳
集點活動：只要參與3/2-6號的講座與影展任三場，集滿三點即可兌換圖博精美禮品一份。數量有限，換完為止。
主辦單位：頭前溪社 敬邀
協辦單位：台灣圖博之友會、清大人社系系學會、清大通識教育中心、清華電台、清大僑生聯誼會、交大人社系系學會、交大科技與社會中心、清大人類所、清大社會所
February 22, 2009
~沒有看[被出賣的台灣-Formosa Betrayed]的台灣人一定要看! 看過的人更要看!!!
民國38年隨蔣介石戰敗轉進台灣的[外省人和其第二,三代], 都應該看! 看清楚在我們來台之前,台灣到底是什麼樣子!?
你知道1945-1947 KMT流亡政府如何跨海來收刮台灣?! 如何釀造228?!
比喬治.柯爾更近距離觀察台灣在1945-1947 年間, [日去中來]的社會大變遷!
[被出賣的台灣]一書中, 喬治常提到[美國駐台, 駐華... 情報單位](OSS-戰略情報處)自台灣; 中國... 所拍發出的情報... 報導... 云云, 都在本書中一一原貌呈現!
本書由旅美台僑 Nancy Hsu Fleming 原作; 由 阿貴教授於2008/1025開始靜坐期間翻譯完稿
其中許多不為人知, 卻是歷歷在目的史蹟, 在前幾年解密後, 才得以真相大白於世!
其中許多不為人知, 卻是歷歷在目的史蹟, 在前幾年解密後, 才得以真相大白於世!
如果[被出賣的台灣]的作者喬治是把親身所見台灣是如何被KMT及美國親共勢力出賣掉的話; 那 這本書中所記載的就是那些被出賣的過程中, 所有發生事件的[現場文字記載及點點滴滴的見證]!
與其說這本書是[敘述歷史]; 不如說是[重現歷史]!
你真的不可不看!!!
(前衛出版!全國各大書店 及 立法院靜坐現場 熱烈賣中!!!)
觀看全文...
February 20, 2009
歐巴馬的經濟振興方案包括的新能源/再生能源/節能項目
Clean Energy Aspects of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
Clean Energy Aspects of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
----- How the new stimulus bill will increase renewable energy and energy efficiency in the United States.
by Kevin Eber, DOE, Washington, DC, United States, RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 2009/2/18
President Barack Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 on Tuesday and the measure includes US $16.8 billion(5813億台幣) for the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). The funding is a nearly tenfold increase for EERE, which received $1.7 billion in fiscal year 2008.
While the bulk of the new EERE funding is supporting direct grants and rebates, $2.5 billion will support EERE's applied research, development and deployment activities, including $800 million for the Biomass Program, $400 million for the Geothermal Technologies Program, and $50 million for efforts to increase the energy efficiency of information and communications technologies.
An additional $400 million will support efforts to add electric technologies to vehicles. And separate from the EERE budget, $400 million will support the establishment of the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), an agency to support innovative energy research, modeled after the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
The economic stimulus act also stipulates that $5 billion will go towards the Weatherization Assistance Program, and the act also increases the eligible income level under the program, increases the funding assistance level to $6,500 per home, and allows new weatherization assistance for homes that were weatherized as recently as 1994.
A complementary measure in the act provides $4 billion to the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to rehabilitate and retrofit public housing, including increasing the energy efficiency of units, plus an additional $510 million to do the same for homes maintained by Native American housing programs. HUD will receive an additional $250 million to increase the energy efficiency of HUD-sponsored, low-income housing.
The act also directs $2 billion in EERE funds toward grants for the manufacturing of advanced battery systems and components within the United States, as well as the development of supporting software. The battery grants will support advanced lithium-ion batteries and hybrid electric systems. Another $300 million will support an Alternative Fueled Vehicles Pilot Grant Program, and an additional $300 million will support rebates for energy efficient appliances, while also supporting DOE's efforts under the Energy Star Program.
The act also stipulates that $3.2 billion will go toward Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants, which were established in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, but were not previously funded. The grants will go toward states, local governments and tribal governments to support the development of energy efficiency and conservation strategies and programs, including energy audit programs and projects to install fuel cells and solar, wind, and biomass power projects at government buildings. For background on the program, see pages 176-183 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007(http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h6enr.txt.pdf).
The act also stipulates that $3.1 billion of EERE funds will go toward the State Energy Program for additional grants that don't need to be matched with state funds, but the act only allows such grants for states that intend to adopt strict building energy codes and intend to provide utility incentives for energy efficiency measures. To help states implement the measures, a separate portion of the act allocates $500 million to the Department of Labor to prepare workers for careers in energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Renewable Energy and Smart Grids
The act includes $6 billion to support loan guarantees for renewable energy and electric transmission technologies. The funds are expected to guarantee more than $60 billion in loans. The act requires the DOE Loan Guarantee Program to only make loan guarantees to projects that will start construction by September 30, 2011, and that involve renewable energy, electric transmission, or leading-edge biofuel technologies.
The act also directs DOE to analyze the nation's electrical grid to determine if significant potential sources of renewable energy are locked out of the electrical market by a lack of adequate transmission capacity. DOE must then provide recommendations for achieving adequate transmission capacity. To help achieve those recommendations, the act includes a provision allowing the Western Area Power Administration to borrow up to $3.25 billion from the U.S. Treasury for transmission system upgrades, particularly for facilitating the delivery of power from renewable energy facilities.
In addition, the act provides $4.5 billion for the DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability for activities to modernize the nation's electrical grid, integrate demand-response equipment and analyze, develop and implement smart grid technologies. The funds will also support research in energy storage technologies, efforts to facilitate recovery from energy supply disruptions and efforts to enhance the security and reliability of the nation's energy infrastructure. A complementary section of the act opens smart grid demonstration projects to electric systems in all areas of the country and establishes a smart grid information clearinghouse to share data from the demonstration projects.
Greener Federal Buildings and Fleets
Federal buildings and fleets will become greener under a measure of the new bill. The act provides $4.5 billion to the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) to convert federal buildings into high-performance green buildings, which generally combine energy efficiency and renewable energy production to minimize the energy use of the buildings. The act also directs $4 million toward the establishment of an Office of Federal High-Performance Green Buildings within the GSA. In addition, the act provides $100 million for the Energy Conservation Investment Program within the Department of Defense, as well as another $100 million for energy conservation and alternative energy projects at facilities of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps.
For federal vehicle fleets, the act provides $300 million to cover the costs of acquiring greener motor vehicles, including hybrids, electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid vehicles, once they become commercially available. Buying plug-in hybrids could be an iffy proposition, however, as the funds must be spent by September 30, 2011.
Renewable Energy Tax Credits
The tax section of the act provides a three-year extension of the production tax credit (PTC) for most renewable energy facilities, while offering expansions on and alternatives for tax credits on renewable energy systems. The extension keeps the wind energy PTC in effect through 2012, while keeping the PTC alive for municipal solid waste, qualified hydropower, and biomass and geothermal energy facilities through 2013.
In addition, a two-year extension of the PTC for marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy systems will keep that tax credit in effect through 2013. The PTC provides a credit for every kilowatt-hour produced at new qualified facilities during the first 10 years of operation, provided the facilities are placed in service before the tax credit's expiration date.
For 2008, biomass facilities fueled with dedicated energy crops ("closed-loop biomass"), as well as wind, solar, and geothermal energy facilities earned 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour, while other qualified facilities earned 1 cent per kilowatt-hour.
Unfortunately, the current slump in business activity means that fewer businesses are seeking tax credits, which means that renewable energy producers are having trouble taking advantage of the PTC. With that in mind, the act also allows owners of non-solar renewable energy facilities to make an irrevocable election to earn a 30% investment credit rather than the PTC. The option remains in effect for the current period of the PTC, that is, through 2012 for wind energy facilities and through 2013 for other qualified renewable energy facilities.
Alternately, the facility owner could choose to receive a grant equal to 30% of the tax basis (that is, the reportable business investment) for the facility, so long as the facility is depreciable or amortizable. The grants are also available for renewable energy facilities that would normally earn a business energy credit of 10%-30%, including systems using fuel cells, solar energy, small wind turbines, geothermal energy, microturbines and combined heat and power (CHP) technologies.
To earn a grant, the facility must be placed in service in 2009 or 2010, or construction must begin in either of those years and must be completed prior to the termination of the PTC. For facilities that would normally earn a business tax credit, construction must be completed prior to 2017. The grants will be paid directly from the U.S. Treasury. A separate measure in the act removes limitations on the business credit based on how the systems are financed and also removes a business credit limit on small wind energy systems.
The stimulus bill also provides greater tax credits for clean energy projects at homes and businesses and for the manufacturers of clean energy technologies. For homeowners, the act increases a 10% tax credit for energy efficiency improvements to a 30% tax credit, eliminates caps for specific improvements (such as windows and furnaces), and instead establishes an aggregate cap of $1,500 for all improvements placed in service in 2009 and 2010 (except biomass systems, which must be placed in service after the act is enacted).
The act also tightens the energy efficiency requirements to meet current standards. For residential renewable energy systems, the act removes all caps on the tax credits, which equal 30% of the cost of qualified solar energy systems, geothermal heat pumps, small wind turbines and fuel cell systems. The act also eliminates a reduction in credits for installations with subsidized financing.
For businesses and individuals buying electric vehicles, the act simplifies and expands the available tax credits. For electric low-speed vehicles, motorcycles, and three-wheeled vehicles, a 10% tax credit is available through 2011, with a cap of $2,500. For vehicles converted into qualified plug-in electric vehicles, a 10% tax credit is also available through 2011, with a cap of $4,000. And starting in 2010, full-scale commercial plug-in electric vehicles can earn a maximum tax credit of $7,500, depending on their battery capacity. The credit will phase out over a year for each manufacturer after they sell 200,000 plug-in vehicles.
The act also provides a bonus to homeowners or business owners installing clean fuel refueling systems at their homes or businesses. For businesses, the maximum credit for installing such refueling systems increases to $50,000 for most systems, up from $30,000, and it increases to $200,000 for hydrogen refueling stations. For homeowners, the credit is doubled from $1,000 to $2,000. Homeowners might install their own natural gas refueling system for a natural gas vehicle, or they might install recharging systems for plug-in electric vehicles. The credit is available through 2010 for most refueling systems and through 2014 for hydrogen refueling systems.
The economic stimulus act has also added a new tax credit to encourage investment in the manufacturing facilities that help make such clean energy projects possible. A new 30% investment tax credit is available for projects that establish, re-equip or expand manufacturing facilities for fuel cells, microturbines, renewable fuel refineries and blending facilities, energy saving technologies, smart grid technologies and solar, wind and geothermal technologies.
The credit also applies to the manufacture of plug-in electric vehicles and their electric components, such as battery packs, electric motors, generators and power control units. The credit may also be expanded in the future to include other energy technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Secretary of Treasury must establish a certification program within the next 180 days and may allocate up to $2.3 billion in tax credits.
Clean Energy Bonds Expanded
Two bonding mechanisms for financing renewable energy and energy efficiency systems have been expanded under the tax section of the act. The act authorizes the allocation of as much as $1.6 billion in new Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREBs), which are tax credit bonds for financing renewable energy projects. CREBs were previously limited to a maximum of $800 million. The act also authorizes the allocation of $2.4 billion in qualified energy conservation bonds, up from the current limit of $800 million. These tax credit bonds are allocated to states and large local governments to finance a variety of clean energy projects.
Unlike normal bonds that pay interest, tax credit bonds pay the bondholders by providing a credit against their federal income tax. In effect, the new tax credit bonds will provide interest-free financing for clean energy projects. But because the federal government essentially pays the interest via tax credits, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service must allocate such credits in advance. However, tax credit bonds require the investment of a bondholder that will benefit from the federal tax credits, and those investors may be hard to find during the current business downturn. To try to draw more investment, a separate measure in the tax bill will allow regulated investment companies to pass through to their shareholders the tax credits earned by such bonds. Yet another measure adds a prevailing wage requirement to projects financed with CREBs or energy conservation bonds.
February 20, 2009
國人自製電動公車 時速百公里
自由時報2009-2-20〔記者劉力仁／台北報導〕
國人研發自製的第一輛低底盤電動公車昨天亮相，時速可達一百公里，採用鋰電池，電瓶滿載時可以跑三至四百公里，用600安培充電時間不到一小時，還可充電三千次以上，壽命極長。
昨天這輛電動公車在信義計畫區行駛一圈。試乘者表示，電動公車沒有離合器，一檔到底，行進或啟動時幾乎沒聲音，底盤低、車身穩，不會劇烈震動，感覺不錯。
如果今年順利通過車測中心檢驗，明年就可量產，環保署會向市公車及長途客運業者推介，但每部車價格約一千二百萬至一千四百萬元，比柴油公車貴了近一倍，環保署亦將研擬低利率貸款，協助業者降低購車成本。
負責研發的寶捷公司董事長蔡篤雄表示，電動公車燃料費用為一般柴油公車的十分之一，維修費用低，含冷氣每公里約只需零點八度電，耗電量極低，環保又節能減碳，柴油公車壽命大約八年，電動公車壽命可達十五年以上，長期下來，可以攤平購買成本。
February 20, 2009
今年太陽能供給超出需求1倍
~ 價格下滑有助太陽能裝置推廣?
· 2009-02-20
~ 價格下滑有助太陽能裝置推廣?
· 2009-02-20
· 工商時報
· 【陳培康／綜合外電報導】
根據紐約能源研究機構路克斯（Lux）的報告顯示，太陽能市場現在面臨了明顯的供過於求的問題，預期今年供給將近是需求的兩倍，這將使得相關設備價格下滑，分析師表示，太陽能產業將因此面臨整併。
路克斯估計今年的太陽能市場供給為104億瓦，但是需求只有53億瓦，而現在業者都在積極的打銷存貨以降低庫存壓力，因此價格勢必下滑，所以即使今年需求只比去年55億瓦些微減少，但整體市場銷售將由去年的360億美元降低20％到290億美元。
路克斯分析師蘇立文（Welczeck Sullivan）表示：「預期今年全球太陽能市場是零成長，隨著西班牙市場萎縮，德國將變成歐洲成長的支撐所在，而拜振興經濟方案所賜，美國仍然繼續成長。」
過去幾年太陽能產業快速成長，尤其能源價格飆升讓太陽能更是成為市場的焦點，2007年和2008年全球成長率分別為62％和30％，在這段期間許多設備業者為了享有經濟規模優勢而擴充產能，卻也因此種下了供過於求問題的種子。
市調機構iSuppli表示，2010年多晶矽的供給將超過需求，並持續到2012年，此外，全球太陽能設備模組今年產能過剩情況將達160％。產能過剩的狀況至少會持續到2012年。所以即使今年需求量僅微幅降低，但全球太陽能相關支出將比去年減少20％。
路克斯公司表示，最近太陽能電池和模組的價格已下滑25％，而價格下跌所帶來的損失將不可避免的波及到供應鏈上游廠商，許多分析師預期設備業者間將有一波合併與重整。
路克斯估計這波價格下降將會在2011年之前逐漸停歇，過度供給亦將隨著價格下跌被吸收，產業市值仍將逐步成長，而各國政府在太陽能相關計畫方面的支出，也有助市場的長期成長。預計在2013年時太陽能相關市場規模將達到185億瓦與700億美元。
February 19, 2009
Key to the success of EU Offshore Wind Power: Ocean Grids
In the transition towards a European sustainable energy system for the future and to reduce the dependency of imported primary energy sources such as oil and gas, the development of offshore wind power is an essential element. EWEA assumes that almost 120,000 MW offshore wind power will be realized in the next two decades, amounting to 10% of the installed generating capacity. Apart from offshore wind energy, other offshore renewable energy sources such as wave energy, tidal energy and some experimental technologies of offshore energy have been considered.
Recent blackouts within Europe have shown that there is a need for increased European co-ordination regarding the transmission of electricity including aspects related to interconnections. In the EU technology platform Smart Grids, attention is paid to the networks of the future to ensure that they can accommodate and facilitate large amounts of renewable energy, both distributed and concentrated.
Following the European Smart Grids line of thinking, Airtricity has proposed a European offshore super grid (HVDC based on Voltage Source Converter technology), combining the grid integration of offshore wind farms with an interconnection grid between countries at sea. One could extend the role of this grid and connect all “ocean power” to it. The supergrid could then be part of the European backbone to connect and transmit bulk renewable power from remote generation sites, even as far as North Africa (Desertec).
The goal of this webinar is to discuss "Ocean Grids", grids at sea, at a conceptual level. The idea behind Ocean Grids is to provide an offshore backbone for the mainland transmission networks on one hand, and connection points for offshore wind power stations on the other hand. This will include offshore wind energy and other potential energy sources at sea.
February 18, 2009
回來這塊自己的家園來共同打拼吧!
目前距離2012大選還有3年, 除非馬英九被刺殺身亡, 否則他應該會繼續競選中華民國的總統.
另一方面, 泛綠對手在這4年的馬英九親中政策下, 必定推出主要政見: 台灣獨立!
不過依選民結構來看, 泛綠應該不會獲勝, 因為
1. 沒有主張台灣獨立的明星級天王競選、
2. 有300萬以上台商票(含家屬)怕台灣獨立中國凍結台商在中國資產, 所以不管他是泛藍還是泛綠, 他們會投馬英九. 所以傳統的泛藍鐵票加上這新增的300萬台商票, 泛綠應該不會獲勝.
但是如果泛綠候選人高舉台灣人選台灣人, 僥倖當選,至少200萬台商在中國的事業及財產會被中國凍結及報復,所以我們應該立即呼籲請這200萬台商及在中國工作的台灣人, 立刻開始準備開溜回台發展, 重新在這塊屬於你的土地上建立自己的利益與財富, 否則在2012~2016年台灣宣佈獨立時, 你們在中國多年經營的財產會化為烏有. 趁這二到三年全球經濟大蕭條時, 回來這塊自己的家園來共同打拼吧!
February 14, 2009
加州將開發1.3GW STP(Solar Thermal Power)發電裝置
SCE & BrightSource Sign 1.3-GW CSP Deal
California, USA, [RenewableEnergyWorld.com] , 2009/2/11
Southern California Edison (SCE) and BrightSource Energy have reached agreements on a series of contracts for 1,300 megawatts (MW) of solar thermal power. The agreement, which now requires approval from the California Public Utilities Commission, calls for a the development of seven projects to make up the total capacity.
The first of these solar power plants, sized at 100 MW and located in Ivanpah, California., could be operating in early 2013 and is expected to produce 286,000 megawatt-hours (MWh) of renewable electricity per year. BrightSource will build and place in commercial operation each of its plants as quickly as permitting and infrastructure allow. The full 1,300 megawatts of projects will produce 3.7 billion kilowatt-hours of clean energy.
“These contracts represent a significant addition to our renewable portfolio, which is already the nation’s largest,” said Stuart Hemphill, SCE vice president of Renewable and Alternative Power. “This innovative solar technology helps to further our position as the nation’s largest purchaser of solar energy, as well.”
BrightSource Energy(http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/) will build the plants using its proprietary Luz Power Tower 550 (LPT 550) energy system. The system uses thousands of small mirrors called heliostats to reflect sunlight onto a boiler atop a tower to produce high temperature steam.
The steam is then piped to a conventional turbine which generates electricity. In order to conserve precious desert water, the LPT 550 system uses air-cooling to convert the steam back into water. The water is then returned to the boiler in an environmentally-friendly closed cycle. This fully integrated energy system is designed to offer the highest operating efficiencies and lowest capital costs in the industry. Video introduction:
February 14, 2009
美國國會通過經濟振興方案高達US $789 billion(26.8兆台幣)
Conferenced Stimulus Bill Retains Renewable Energy Provisions
Grant program re-included in the new bill.
Washington, D.C., RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 2009/2/12
The House and Senate conferees have reached a deal on the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The agreement was reached late last night and has cut the total value of the bill to US $789 billion(26.8兆台幣). The bill will be a boon for the renewable energy industry. All of the provisions that were contained in the Senate version of the bill were retained. In addition, the grants in lieu of tax credits clause that the House version of the bill contained made the final package.
The renewable energy, transmission and energy efficiency measures of the bill are outlined below.
The new bill contains $20 billion (680億台幣)for tax incentives for renewable energy and energy efficiency over the next 10 years including:
A three-year extension of the production tax credit (PTC) for electricity derived from wind (through 2012) and for electricity derived from biomass, geothermal, hydropower, landfill gas, waste-to-energy and marine facilities (through 2013).
Grants of up to 30 percent of the cost of building a new renewable energy facility to address current renewable energy credit market concerns. The grant money was originally slated to go through DOE, but RenewableEnergyWorld.com is now hearing that the money will be distributed through the Treasury Department.
Establishment of a new manufacturing investment tax credit (ITC) for investment in advanced energy facilities, such as facilities that manufacture components for the production of renewable energy, advanced battery technology and other innovative next-generation green technologies.
Clean renewable energy bonds for state and local governments.
Extensions for tax credits through 2010 for purchases such as new furnaces, energy-efficient windows and doors or insulation.
A tax credit for families that purchase plug-in hybrid vehicles of up to $7,500 to spur the next generation of American cars.
In addition, $30 billion(1兆台幣) will go to smart power grid, advanced battery technology and energy efficiency measures including the Smart Grid Investment Program to modernize the electricity grid to make it more efficient and reliable, U.S. development of advanced vehicle batteries and battery systems through loans and grants.
The bill also provides $400 million for the Advanced Research Project Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) to support research into energy sources and energy efficiency in collaboration with industry as well as $580 million for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, including the Technology Innovation Program and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership.
There are also provisions to provide $5 billion to make improvements in DoD facilities, including housing for our troops and about $4.5 billion to make federal office buildings more energy-efficient in order to achieve long-term savings for taxpayers.
The bill could be reintroduced and voted on in the House as early as Friday. The original plan was to bring the bill back up today however House Democrats want longer to look at the changes before the motion is considered on the floor.
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