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November 19, 2009
小說家袁瓊瓊,擅於掌握人性的細微處,刻劃女性心理尤其細膩,袁瓊瓊將以其多變的人生經歷,透過文字與影像的系列作品導讀,一起分享人生的色、香、味、觸,也同時啟動我們的五官與五覺來覺受自己的人生故事。
事實上,這個課程不是為了沒有人生經歷的人開的。對於那些自己的人生尚未展開,或者雖有經歷,卻清淡如水的你,這個課程或許不適合。因為我要談的不僅只是讓人生增添滋味的方式,更重要是學會分辨我們自己的人生滋味。用另一種角度解讀,或許你會發現,最苦惱的最甜,最單純的最複雜,而最無奈的最美。
我想邀請人生走到了中段的你,以為已然看遍風景的你,知道的越多卻越迷惑的你,越成長卻越不成熟的你,跟我一起起來分享人生的色香味。或許我的經歷你也都經過,只是你或許不懂。
第一堂課:女性自身-你可能不像你以為的那樣理解你自己
第二堂課:男人-女人最重要的伙伴和敵人
第三堂課:城裡城外-進入一段關係和離開一段關係
第四堂課:女人置上-超脫自己的性別身份
第五堂課:角色與扮演-我們都有能力變成別人
第六堂課:兩性關係試紙-認清自己的感情問題
第七堂課:另一種思考-或許我們沒有失去什麼
第八堂課:另一種方式-或許我們還可以得到什麼
注意事項:此課程報名學員限成年女性
★ 每次課程的前30分鐘(14:00-14:30)
將由學學一口主廚教你親手完成一種點心
講師:袁瓊瓊 專業作家、編劇
總時數: 16hrs
價格:NT 5600
地點:學學文創志業內湖大樓 /
招生對象:此課程報名學員限成年女性
備註:此課程無法插班報名
詳細課表:http://www.xuexue.tw/institute/inst_course_detail.asp?xmlid=112612
November 18, 2009
或許對未來感到樂觀不需要太多努力,但大多時候,
我所認識的不曾見光的友人,所能做到的,
僅有寂靜軟弱地呼吸,無止盡地悲觀,且未敢舉牌抗議。
世界作為一個巨大且頹麗的遊樂場,跟無常的上帝對抗有用嗎?
他說。
沒有針對誰,只是偶爾跟自己過不去。
像一株太老的花,忍耐理所當然壓在身上的陽光。
當我終於學會無視於社會是否存有公義甚至性理,透明般活著。
竟越來越擅長壓抑。以致於對方永遠感受不出絲毫的溫情。
她覺得我太冷漠了。
我卻覺得自己太愛她了。
兩人披著漏風嚴重的翅膀,因為畏懼失速,不約而同踩下煞車。
轉過頭,當薄碎冬陽抹過頸項,面對一路醜陋的坑疤,
面對燃燒成火屑的相擁臂彎,面對曾經得到與永遠流散的愛,
像青少年時期整天瞧著鏡子,企圖辨認出瘦了些,還是胖了些,
那誰也不會去在意的細節,只有自已知道這太難堪太不堪了,
還能原諒自己嗎?
抓著被擊散的破椅骨架呼喊旋轉慍恚破壞,
有聲音在哭泣,不絕於耳的哭泣,從白天到黑夜、黑夜到白天。
傷口正蠶食著靈魂,而我,正蠶食我所深愛的人。
很多時候我們躺在房間裏瞎混,一根一根灰燼填滿菸灰缸。
如果不喜歡的回憶可以這樣消耗掉那該有多好。
花時將盡的女孩微笑,說,酒灌得越多,越懂愛是什麼。
知足,知足就會常樂。
你懂嗎?
幹麼不願意懂呢?你她媽智障啊。
她告訴我,她午睡時做了夢,她不斷吶喊不斷奔跑在森林,
雙手掌心竄出大量芽苗,一路開花一路成長,她好害怕啊!
所以一直叫我的名字,懇求我去找刀法厲害的醫師幫她清除樹枝,
從體內刨掘出所有耽溺、無可自拔的腐爛的根,可我不知哪去了?
她感到自己被掏空被離棄,斷續地遺落生命,於是捏緊菸盒醒過來。
真是好怪。她說。在心底那樣微弱地無法量化的刺痛。
後來再沒有那樣的夢了。腦袋裏塞滿酒精,很難正常運作。
但是她吐出的煙霧一直消散不去,我拼命奔跑企圖拋開那片蒼白,
可悲的是找不到任何屏障足以避難。
我不能忘記那些甜膩的發傻的戀人絮語嗎?
不能抹煞那些令人難以忍耐的思念與折磨嗎?
所有妳留下的傷痕與捆綁,都沒辦法割捨而重獲自由嗎?
不拋下那些深情而唱的歌便不能飛翔嗎?
作為一個完人,選擇半死不活或半生不死便是一種罪惡嗎?
連抗拒的權利也沒有嗎?為什麼一旦步履稍稍偏離道路,
全世界都急著將瑕疵品的戳印蓋在檢體臉上,彷彿它們並不值得活?
誰來護守我?誰願意讓我護守?
為什麼丟掉一個傷口,另一道又繼續流血繼續脹破?
這樣可悲的迴圈究竟能不能有停止輪轉的一天?
百感交集是負分,若無其事是正分,百感交集卻若無其事是完整。
即使你總是睡不著,即使你總是在長夜裏吸整晚的菸看書,
即使你會因為擁抱而湧出太多感傷,即使你喝水如喝苦酒,
即使你佇立在棺木前面無表情深深哀悼親人的死亡,
即使你在皮囊之下隱藏著爆破性的嚴重失常,
整個世界整個社會甚至你所熟識的每一個人仍會阻止你流亡。
你只能邁步,你只能表現正常,你只能相信光明的那一面,
只能點燃煙蒂彷彿它不會熄,把我不想再振作了這句話統統忘光。
有沒有病是自己決定的。
很多時候,其他人更急於幫你決定。
November 11, 2009
黎明。
黑藍的黎明天空
月亮像一面銅鑼的圓心
隱隱回應遠方的戰鼓
咚,咚,咚
Om──Om──
戰士們起身
褪下的迷彩裝平鋪在床上
赤裸的朣孔。
他們細聽第三聲鑼響
待命向敵人發動進攻
咚,咚,咚
Om────
他們滑進敵營的睡篷
輕輕游行在鼾息的空氣中
Om────
機伶地潛入
用巧練的指尖撫弄腫脹的欲望
撫弄
搓,擠,掐,再搓
吸吮
腥紅、充血的唇。
吸吮
撫弄、吸吮、撫弄
Ommm───
喘急起伏的胸膛
漫泄的汗
爆烈的腫脹
Om────
激射出一朵朵返鄉團聚的夢
之二
在一條壕溝裏,他和他碰了面
砲彈不絕地從頭上飛向兩邊
他的刺刀的凹痕沾滿了黑色的血
他的槍膛也許還有一兩顆子彈
他們在壕溝裏情不自禁地相吻
砲彈不絕地從頭上飛向兩邊
壕溝裏還有幾個受傷的人
腹腔淌著血,虛弱地閉起眼睛
他們脫下戰袍又一次擁抱
砲彈不絕地從頭上飛向兩邊
壕溝的這邊有人用單腳躍起
另一邊的人含糊地叫喊著殺殺
他們坐在壕溝裏沒有一句話
砲彈不絕地從頭上飛向兩邊
他們交換穿上戰袍,起身爬出壕溝
快步衝向已經分不清哪一邊的陣營
之三
下體被炸爛的士兵
被送回後方
緊緊握住他的手的母親說
就像你知道的,孩子
瑪利亞四個月前懷了身孕
是啊,我們也和你一樣的心情
不過就在兩天前
她在暗巷裏遇到了襲擊……
孩子,你別忍著不哭
誰讓我們活在一個亂世……
之四
哦,年輕的少女
妳喚起我們的訝異和悲傷
多麼罕見的靈魂的力量!
而妳卻只是說
這是上天所要的
讓我的無辜
莊嚴地獻出自己作為犧牲。
勇敢啊,爸爸
我請求你
肉體和精神都要勇敢
不要壞了你的和我的聲名。
把我的生命放在
你天才的創造之下……
他在拿破崙的麾下
以一種方陣的列隊
走向英國人的槍砲前
左邊和右邊的士兵
都已經先後倒下去了
紅白藍的旗子也搖搖欲墜
他突然想起了那首歌
也許是阿貝拉寫給愛洛斯的*
這是耶夫塔和他女兒的故事
耶夫塔在上帝面前許下一個願:
上帝,如果讓我戰勝敵人
我許給你
第一個從我家門出來
迎向我的任何東西
我把它獻給你
作為火焚的犧牲!
當耶夫塔凱旋回家
是他的女兒第一個走向他
一邊唱歌,一邊跳舞
他的心幾乎就要撕裂了
但是少女卻是堅強的:
誰向上帝許了願
就必須要遵守。
她只請求有兩個月的時間
和女伴們在山裏面漫遊
漫遊,和流淚。
她是哭她的童貞。
多麼奇怪的句子:
把我的生命放在
你天才的創造之下……
士兵扣下板機
子彈從槍口迸彈出去
槍托的後座力輕輕地震了一下
他蹲下身
感覺心口一陣溫熱
向喉頭湧上來
她是哭她的童貞……
* 參考:Luise Rinser, Abaelards Liebe
之五
女將軍必須按下按鈕
發射攜帶核子彈頭的洲際飛彈
目標:一千八百萬人口的超級都心
時間:本世紀第二個十年
她會是第一個發動核子攻擊的人!
這將徹底改變人類的未來!
歷史將會記上她一筆!
她必須為地球的存亡負責任!
只有在她之後
按下第二顆、第三顆按鈕的人
才得以免除了良心的譴責
合理的自我防衛!
是她首先發難!
全世界都在等待。
女將軍有一個女兒
請她媽媽不要這樣做
她說:
不值得的,媽媽
為那些臭男人頂這個罪名
不值得這樣做的,媽媽
女將軍回答:
我不是為了他們
孩子,不是為了他們
我所以必須這樣做
完全是因為道德上的必須
如果這個星球上的惡瘤
必須用極端的方式把它清除
就像人們對付皮膚病
如果這註定是我們的下場
我們(還有誰呢),孩子
因此才能承認自己的劣根性
那麼我願意。
女兒說:
媽媽,不要做
媽媽,不要
全世界都在等待。
女將軍打電話向總統作了最後確認
總統先生,女將軍說
您真的要這樣做?
我只需要您的最後一句話。
總統什麼也沒說
沈默。
沈默的意思就是點頭。
女將軍撥開了按鈕上的套蓋
女兒在電話的那一頭
孩子,媽媽愛妳
媽媽,不要
不要!
孩子,妳別哭
等一切結束以後
媽媽還像以前一樣……
女將軍的參謀在旁邊眼眶都紅了
在模糊的視線中
他恍惚地壓下了飛彈發射鈕……
之六
一刀下去,馬上見血
這個子彈也辦得到
不過刀的感覺更直接、更痛
子彈更快
用刀可以割下人的舌頭
用鎗可以把它打爛
可以一刀插入心臟
一鎗也同樣可以射穿
我刀子上面還有血呢
我的鎗管還是熱的
我可以一刀一刀把你的耳朵慢慢割下來
我可以用子彈打穿你的左耳和右耳
我可以把你閹掉,可以把你凌遲至死
他媽的,把你的屁眼轉過來
這一鎗會讓你駭到從來沒有過的快感
之七
占據了整整兩條街的示威活動
活像一場動物狂歡的嘉年華
記者:這次遊行的目的是……
當然是反對戰爭!一位參與者回答
可是根本還沒有開打呢
感謝上帝!因此我們才要反對
反對什麼?記者問
反對戰爭!
好吧,可是如果對方先下手呢?
這要看他們到底做了什麼
如果他們先開戰?你們也會為此遊行反戰?
反戰?不,我們會反擊,嚴厲地反擊!
所以你們並不是真的反對戰爭
什麼?我們當然是反戰的
可是你們又為戰爭做了什麼
我們,反!對!戰!爭!
記者又問:九歲女孩昨天被發現遭受性侵害……
我很遺憾,不過這和今天的遊行沒有關係
記者:這是來自遊行現場的報導,鏡頭交回攝影棚
主播:接下來為您播報本周樂透的中獎號碼……
之八
神父在會堂裏布道
天光透過彩繪玻璃投影在會堂裏
光線一寸一寸地移動
神父的臉一會兒紅,一會兒綠
一會兒又成了藍色和白色
今天的布道主題是
路加福音六章廿七到廿九節:
只是我告訴你們這聽道的人
你們的仇敵要愛他
恨你們的要待他好
咒詛你們的要為他祝福
凌辱你們的要為他禱告
有人打你這邊的臉
連那邊的臉也由他打
有人奪你的外衣
連裡衣也由他拿去
之九
巷戰。
戰到最後的你死我活
戰到最後一槍一彈一磚一瓦
荒涼、殘破的市容
曾經的人世繁華
(一個跨越三個世代的故事)
不再有車水馬龍的鼎沸
不再有嬉鬧叫賣的嘈雜
只剩下兩個人在廣場中央
用半條命,肉搏肉
不再有力地堅持扭打
你掐著我,我掐著你的咽喉
一句詛咒的話也說不出口
風穿過城市的巷弄
一片山牆不預警地坍崩
揚起一道煙塵
(偶然的戲劇效果)
微熹的天空中
落下了一陣陣不自然的人造雨
直到導演喊卡為止
所有臨時演員陸續從廢墟中站起
甚至那些斷手、斷腳的
甚至那些胸口上還插著刀柄的
每個人又都活了過來
除了原先那兩個倖存者
因為假戲真作竟然成了犧牲
之十
(左臂綁著紅巾的使者
騎來一匹白鬣的驃馬
捎來和平的信息)
我方大王請息戰三月
哈哈,想是他怕戰了
大王不怕戰,而是體恤兵士
兵士不戰算什麼兵士
兵士們倒是願意為大王再戰
那就再戰,談什麼息戰
再戰只怕大王您這邊也乏了
誰乏了,就認輸
息戰三月不是認輸
不認輸就再打
經年作戰不分勝負,何必再戰
不分勝負算什麼作戰
大王,和平相處不好麼
好的很,只要你們服我
誰也勝不了誰,談不上服不服
那就戰到一分勝負
大家可都折損了不少兵士啊
兵士再養就有,你怕了嗎
怕就不會單騎前來
那好,和我一員大將單挑
如果我勝了,大王願意息戰麼
勝了再說
(一番激鬥之後紅巾使者勝出)
請息戰三月
和我一員大將再戰
大王,我來是請息戰,不是挑戰
都一樣,想息戰,先戰再說
(一番激鬥之後紅巾使者又勝出)
請息戰三月
教你們大王修一封求和書來
大王請和而不求
他不求最好,那就再戰
大王,再戰下去有什麼意思
不願戰,就歸順於我
那是萬萬不能的
那就沒什麼好再說的了
請大王三思
除非你大王求和
求,是萬萬不能的
求了,我可以考慮息戰
大王不求
他不求,我也不求,那就再戰
(紅巾使者低頭)
沒什麼好想的,想和就來求
(紅巾使者低頭沈思)
求,也不是什麼不光彩的事嘛
(紅巾使者低頭沈思)
你大王求了,我就息戰三月
我就是為請息戰三月而來
你?你算什麼
我是我大王的代表
代表你大王?那麼就是你大王派來求的了
我不是來求
不來求,來作什麼
來請息戰三月
不求就戰,你求是不求
大王派我不是來求
那就回去告訴你大王,要他來求
大王不求
想息戰,又不肯求
求,不就認低了麼
不認低,你來作什麼
來請息戰三月
呵,說了半天,你的請就是我說的求了
不,請是請,求是求
不分那麼多,所以你是來求,息戰三月麼
請而不求
只要你求,我就同意
使者不敢有辱於君命
所以你是不求了
大王請,息戰三月
回去告訴你大王,明日再戰
(紅巾使者悵然,退)
==
Dear Jojo,見你有興趣,補上後半段及出處---
此詩全文收錄在詩集《Paris, Paris》,麥田出版社,2005
November 11, 2009
November 2009
Education in Chemistry
Vol 46, No 6.
Titanium dioxide is a bright white pigment that is commonly used as an ultraviolet filter in sunscreens because it scatters and reflects ultraviolet light away from the skin surface. Although titanium's use in sunscreens is regulated, some formulations also include other heavy metals, which are not regulated.
To address this, a team led by George Zachariadis of the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, at Aristotle University, in Thessaloniki, Greece, has turned to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).1 This technique, which compares well with more conventional atomic absorption spectroscopy for multi-element analysis, could lead to a standard test for regulatory control.
Sunscreens are marketed as being beneficial in protecting skin from the sun's harmful effects - ie the risk of premature ageing and some forms of skin cancer. However, little thought is given to the presence of toxic metals in these products and no standardised analysis is available for regulators or quality controllers, though there are regulations that limit the maximum amounts of each type of uv filter - inorganic or organic - that can be added to products. The EU and US both have lists of permitted compounds and allowable concentrations. Titanium dioxide is listed as the only inorganic uv filter authorised for use in sunscreens on sale in the EU.
According to the researchers, sunscreens and cosmetics containing uv filters need to be analysed primarily to determine their sun protection factor (SPF), which is related to the specific ultraviolet filters and their concentrations, and for regulatory compliance. The concentration levels of metals and oxides should be lower than the established limits because there are several known adverse dermatological side effects, mainly from organic uv filters.
The team tested for aluminium, zinc, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, chromium, lead, and bismuth in a range of products with reference data from atomic absorption spectrometry. To prepare their samples, the researchers tried two alternative pre-treatment procedures.
The first was total acid digestion in a closed pressurised vessel before introducing the sample into the spectrometer. The second involved introducing the sample direct into the plasma as an emulsified slurry.
The researchers found that the latter approach did not work because many of the products being tested are creamy, highly viscous, or insoluble. However, by using the first technique they obtained calculated recoveries of 95 per cent for titanium and almost 100 per cent for zinc, while iron recovery was above 100 per cent because the samples were spiked with known quantities of the different metal ions initially to produce adequate signals. 'Most of the commercial preparations studied showed generally good agreement to the ingredients listed on the product label', the researchers say. However, the quantitative composition of the products could not be assessed because the product labels do not provide a detailed breakdown of all the ingredients and their concentrations.
There were several elements present in formulations that are not listed in the products' ingredients and are toxic under certain conditions. According to Zachariadis and his team, this suggests that there is a need for a standardised and official testing method for multi-element quality control of sunscreens and cosmetic products.
=References=
1. G. Zachariadis and E. Sahanidou, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2009, 50, 342.
【The Salty ocean of Enceladus】↘
In 2005 the Cassini spacecraft made the surprising discovery that Saturn's sixth largest moon, Enceladus, ejects an enormous plume of water into space from its south pole. The plume is hundreds of kilometres high and contains water vapour, gas, and tiny grains of ice. However, the exact nature of its source remained a mystery.
A team of European researchers now has evidence that this giant plume is fed by a salty ocean.1 The discovery could have implications for our understanding of how moons are formed.
Saturn's sixth largest moon, Enceladus, orbits in the planet's outermost 'E' ring and is one of just three bodies in the outer solar system that produces active eruptions. More intriguingly, Enceladus is one of the only places in the solar system besides Earth, Mars, and Jupiter's moon Europa, for where there is evidence of water, which is the most likely solvent for life.
In 2008, Juergen Schmidt of the University of Potsdam, Germany, and Nikolai Brilliantov of the University of Leicester and their colleagues explained how the water vapour jets are blasted out much faster than the dust particles in the plume. This suggested that Enceladus must have an ocean of liquid water below its surface, but there was no direct evidence. The same team, working with Frank Postberg of the University of Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, in Heidelberg, Germany, has now found evidence for this ocean.
Current theories of how natural satellites form suggest that if a moon has a deep liquid ocean in contact with the body's rocky core - for millions of years - then this ocean will be salty. The team detected sodium salts in the dust ejected in the Enceladus plume by assessing mass spectral data collected by the cosmic dust analyser on-board the Cassini spacecraft. The researchers then compared these data with mass spectra collected from their lab experiments on different sodium solutions made up to simulate the components of the plume and ocean. The research suggests that the icy grains in the Enceladus plume contain substantial quantities of sodium salts (0.5-2 per cent by mass), which the scientists say can only occur if the plume's source is a salty ocean.
Brilliantov and Schmidt have related the salt concentrations with the likely concentration in the water vapour above the ocean surface, which agrees with their experimental data. The same results imply that the concentration of sodium chloride in the ocean is close to that of Earth's oceans - ie about 0.1-0.3 moles of salt per kilogram of water.
=References=
1. F. Postberg et al, Nature( London ), 2009, 459, 1098.
【Spicing up chemistry】
Check the link here↘
http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/issues/2006May/SpicingupChemistry.asp
Education in Chemistry
Vol 46, No 6.
Titanium dioxide is a bright white pigment that is commonly used as an ultraviolet filter in sunscreens because it scatters and reflects ultraviolet light away from the skin surface. Although titanium's use in sunscreens is regulated, some formulations also include other heavy metals, which are not regulated.
To address this, a team led by George Zachariadis of the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, at Aristotle University, in Thessaloniki, Greece, has turned to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).1 This technique, which compares well with more conventional atomic absorption spectroscopy for multi-element analysis, could lead to a standard test for regulatory control.
Sunscreens are marketed as being beneficial in protecting skin from the sun's harmful effects - ie the risk of premature ageing and some forms of skin cancer. However, little thought is given to the presence of toxic metals in these products and no standardised analysis is available for regulators or quality controllers, though there are regulations that limit the maximum amounts of each type of uv filter - inorganic or organic - that can be added to products. The EU and US both have lists of permitted compounds and allowable concentrations. Titanium dioxide is listed as the only inorganic uv filter authorised for use in sunscreens on sale in the EU.
According to the researchers, sunscreens and cosmetics containing uv filters need to be analysed primarily to determine their sun protection factor (SPF), which is related to the specific ultraviolet filters and their concentrations, and for regulatory compliance. The concentration levels of metals and oxides should be lower than the established limits because there are several known adverse dermatological side effects, mainly from organic uv filters.
The team tested for aluminium, zinc, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, chromium, lead, and bismuth in a range of products with reference data from atomic absorption spectrometry. To prepare their samples, the researchers tried two alternative pre-treatment procedures.
The first was total acid digestion in a closed pressurised vessel before introducing the sample into the spectrometer. The second involved introducing the sample direct into the plasma as an emulsified slurry.
The researchers found that the latter approach did not work because many of the products being tested are creamy, highly viscous, or insoluble. However, by using the first technique they obtained calculated recoveries of 95 per cent for titanium and almost 100 per cent for zinc, while iron recovery was above 100 per cent because the samples were spiked with known quantities of the different metal ions initially to produce adequate signals. 'Most of the commercial preparations studied showed generally good agreement to the ingredients listed on the product label', the researchers say. However, the quantitative composition of the products could not be assessed because the product labels do not provide a detailed breakdown of all the ingredients and their concentrations.
There were several elements present in formulations that are not listed in the products' ingredients and are toxic under certain conditions. According to Zachariadis and his team, this suggests that there is a need for a standardised and official testing method for multi-element quality control of sunscreens and cosmetic products.
=References=
1. G. Zachariadis and E. Sahanidou, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2009, 50, 342.
【The Salty ocean of Enceladus】↘
In 2005 the Cassini spacecraft made the surprising discovery that Saturn's sixth largest moon, Enceladus, ejects an enormous plume of water into space from its south pole. The plume is hundreds of kilometres high and contains water vapour, gas, and tiny grains of ice. However, the exact nature of its source remained a mystery.
A team of European researchers now has evidence that this giant plume is fed by a salty ocean.1 The discovery could have implications for our understanding of how moons are formed.
Saturn's sixth largest moon, Enceladus, orbits in the planet's outermost 'E' ring and is one of just three bodies in the outer solar system that produces active eruptions. More intriguingly, Enceladus is one of the only places in the solar system besides Earth, Mars, and Jupiter's moon Europa, for where there is evidence of water, which is the most likely solvent for life.
In 2008, Juergen Schmidt of the University of Potsdam, Germany, and Nikolai Brilliantov of the University of Leicester and their colleagues explained how the water vapour jets are blasted out much faster than the dust particles in the plume. This suggested that Enceladus must have an ocean of liquid water below its surface, but there was no direct evidence. The same team, working with Frank Postberg of the University of Heidelberg and the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, in Heidelberg, Germany, has now found evidence for this ocean.
Current theories of how natural satellites form suggest that if a moon has a deep liquid ocean in contact with the body's rocky core - for millions of years - then this ocean will be salty. The team detected sodium salts in the dust ejected in the Enceladus plume by assessing mass spectral data collected by the cosmic dust analyser on-board the Cassini spacecraft. The researchers then compared these data with mass spectra collected from their lab experiments on different sodium solutions made up to simulate the components of the plume and ocean. The research suggests that the icy grains in the Enceladus plume contain substantial quantities of sodium salts (0.5-2 per cent by mass), which the scientists say can only occur if the plume's source is a salty ocean.
Brilliantov and Schmidt have related the salt concentrations with the likely concentration in the water vapour above the ocean surface, which agrees with their experimental data. The same results imply that the concentration of sodium chloride in the ocean is close to that of Earth's oceans - ie about 0.1-0.3 moles of salt per kilogram of water.
=References=
1. F. Postberg et al, Nature( London ), 2009, 459, 1098.
【Spicing up chemistry】
Check the link here↘
http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/issues/2006May/SpicingupChemistry.asp
November 6, 2009
黑緞長外套靜掛,辦公室裏寬敞的一個位置。
陽光薄碎,從破傘似的樹欄透進室內。
西裝男皺眉,起身將窗簾拉得嚴實。擋掉了大廈玻璃清潔工的視線。
清潔工哲若有若失地擦了汗,他知道裏面那人。姓冷。
他們曾經很熟悉。但見面總是裝作記不起。
太假了。
他苦笑,賣力地清潔玻璃,把帷幕洗得光潔。
當初驀然發現,冷在那玻璃窗格之中,多震驚啊!
俊臉相對,漠然對著錯愕。無言的對抗就挑著心,一尖一尖的鑽。
哲渾身發寒,差點摔落一條命。
早當昨日一場夢。
誰知道對方竟能以其他方式繼續攻佔他的生活?
那青澀得無法再稚拙的學生時代,孤苦伶仃的窮學生。
一份夜宵兩人分著吃。北方天涼,唸書怎麼挨近也不夠暖。
風路裏並肩走,提著課本書包,冷由後趕上哲的背影,
雙雙進他們雜亂狹小的租屋。
冷總是不吭一聲就爬上他的床睡覺,哲默許了,掀被子讓他窩近。
這天氣真他媽的狠,冷低罵。
哲覺得那樣的冷特可愛,他當冷是兄弟,並獲得某種詭譎的滿足。
或許是補償心理。
哲精悍的胸膛燜熬著一爐沸銀,他回想,
高考落榜便飲農藥自殺,喉管爛穿的弟的死狀,那雙怨憤混濁的眼睛,
然後隱隱悲涼。
北地的晚雷特別沉響,一隆一隆,擊鑼似的。
最後一個學期了。
冷翻過身,含糊幾句睡茫了的夢話。
哲暗裏亮著眼睛。像是垂暮老人正等待毒發,不甘撒手。
但冷是唸書的料,自己怎麼也趕不上,勢必分離。
哲大著膽,將手擱上冷不知覺的腰。摸清那節節骨肉的輪廓。
隨著冷的膚身敞露,他感覺靈魂漸漸隱褪陰暗。
手掌滑過腹部,伸下去握住冷軟垂的陰莖,毫不憐惜的揉擰,
直到它堅挺,掙脫外皮暴露前端,分泌出濕黏。
接著是淺褐色的乳頭,指甲刮弄。
冷仍閉著眼,背脊微微僵硬,發出紊亂的無意義的吸氣聲。
鉗好腰胯,哲將又燙又滑的陽具放入冷腿間,順縫隙前後挪動。
玩了一陣子,冷驚醒過來。
回頭就對上哲咬牙絕望的表情。
哲知道,這一睜眼就是惘然就是破滅。
「這不大對」冷嗓音發抖,畏畏地望著哲。
哲忽然停了動作,粗暴地將冷反轉,掐著臂膀,唇就湊上去。
猝不及防被吻住了,冷驚得想掙脫,哲卻狠扳他臉,
冷根本無法動彈,又不敢咬,怕傷了對方,兩人唇舌攪和在一起。
欲望高漲,把襯衫拉開了,那眼神像是要跟冷拼命。
斯文人哪裡鬥得過他?
哲三兩下把冷的手綑得嚴實,知道事情無可挽回,
開始拉扯性器,用手指開拓冷緊繃的後庭,兩指然後三指,
冷呻吟著受蹂躪,瞳孔滾滿憤怒,哲耐不住,固定住冷的腰骨,
龜頭直接頂湊在入口皺摺。
冷拼命搖晃腦袋,懇求住手,哲竟然露出牙齒笑了。
他忽然覺得自己是最冷血的魔鬼,
藏在櫃子裏的鄙穢一旦出籠,天皇老子也控制不住。
哲扶正濕滑的陽具,用手指分開冷的臀瓣,硬燙的陰莖插了進去,
龜頭漸漸通過括約肌,冷不敢置信地瞪著眼,徒勞掙扎。
哲喘幾口大氣,死命往裡摜,直到整根陰莖都吞沒在直腸裡…
冷驚愕得不知該如何反應,他覺得自己像是被粗大的火鉗強姦了,
可哲那副被看穿般,悲慘的眼神,又像自己辜負了他。
陽具著魔似的來回穿梭,其實兩人都感覺不出滋味,
性愛像是無限延長的折磨,吱嘎作響的織布機。
冷一身瘦骨,雨似地出汗。渾身從裡到外濕透了,卻彷彿放在火裏滾。
他是著火的柴薪,正被消耗,被焚燬,漸漸成灰,
哲逮住了他,每每往裏邊碰撞一次就破碎一次。
破曉,哲怔怔地跪在冷腿間,飽受凌虐的肛皺,縮抖就湧出濁白,
臀溝晶瑩一片慘不忍睹,細如髮的血澤蛛黏週邊,
床褥剛經歷一場慘烈革命,通宵不要命地抗戰。
囓剩的一副肉架,冷游離的眼神像死人。
哲知道,開始的沒開始的,出口的沒出口的,
在自己挪動屁股朝對方射精一次又一次後,都不重要了。
從此冷將他當做了外人。
用餐時間,偷空抽根菸。冷與哲坐在員工吸菸室裏。
兩個不年輕的人,心事重重,分不清霧濃或沉默更濃。
哲用汗巾抹了抹臉,點起菸深深地就是一大口。
冷西裝瀟灑,木著臉。抽的是細雪茄,慢燃,煙條飄悠逸散。
彷彿勾哲的魂。
哲偷眼望冷,冷也由得他去。
「你太急,我怕得沒有辦法」冷打破緘默。
哲抬起頭,對上冷的眼睛冷的唇。還有冷夾著雪茄的指頭。
無名指一圈鉑金戒環,冷在他不知道的時候結了婚。
空白缺憾的歲月太多了。疏離感更深。
「恨過我嗎?」哲站起,撚熄煙蒂。
冷不開口,若有似無地苦笑。
「你從來就不願意說實話。就怕顯得自己涼薄。」
哲凝視冷,透過成人軀殼看到了從前青春,
冷和自己勾著肩膀走在夕陽道上,笑得毫無憂慮。
我們是一輩子的哥們。哲大叫,冷附和。
想起來像賞自己一個狠狠的耳光。
虛弱地閉眼,哲推門走了,再沒有什麼話可說。
冷滅了雪茄,眉眼埋進掌心。
他忽然覺得疲憊。
哲日復一日擦拭著如鏡的玻璃窗,
大廈的陰影纏著他。
「這不大對」
面對好友的肆意妄為,冷聲音發抖。
加害者沒肯停手,沒放過他,
卻從來也沒放過自己。
哲忍不住渾身的餘悸,靠著鐵架蹲下哭泣。
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