西雅圖凹凸鏡: 來西雅圖看地景設計

July 1, 2006

來西雅圖看地景設計

西雅圖人每每在鬱悶冬天，質疑為何要待在這城市，到了夏天，才恍然大悟為何最後總是留在這兒不肯走。夏天是西雅圖最棒的季節，厚重的烏雲散去，陰雨不再，白晝時間長，六月底七月初的此時，太陽到九點半後才不情不願的下山。夏天，西雅圖人在水上、在山裡、在規劃良好的腳踏車和人行步道上充分享受夏日的美好。

西雅圖有許多吸引觀光客的景點，不過在這篇文章中，我要推薦幾個值得參觀的地方，有些不是典型的觀光場所，而是比較是設計規劃專業者會有興趣的作品，不過有些即使對不是學設計的人來說，也是值得一遊的地方以下部分內容節錄自DJC的 Seattle’s Best Outdoor Spaces （ http://www.djc.com/news/en/11143881.html）。

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University of Washington （華盛頓大學）

這是我將來要待至少四年念博士的地方。大概沒有人會否認，華大的校園是美國大學最美的校園之一，對校園規劃興趣的人尤其可以來這裡見習華大的經驗。

網站： www.washington.edu

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Gas Work Park（瓦斯廠公園）

在Union Lake北岸，坐望整個西雅圖市區的天際線，這裡原本是一個重度污染的瓦斯工廠，六、七０年代當重工業開始慢慢遷離Union Lake沿岸，居民希望將這塊地變成公園，於是，地景建築大師Richard Haag結合了瓦斯工廠的遺跡，將這裡搖身而變，成為西雅圖最有名也最受歡贏的公園之一，更是美國地景建築的經典作品之一。

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Freeway Park（高速公路公園）

公園的名字聽起來很奇怪，不過這個公園的確是跟高速公路離不開關係。六０年代，當穿越西雅圖的高速公路I-5像一把利刃一樣，將西雅圖硬生生的分成東西兩半，市民就開始思索該如何市中心的東西兩邊重新結合起來，於是有了建立Freeway Park的想法：在高速公路上蓋一個公園，實際將公路兩邊的社區連結起來，讓行人可以不受大量交通阻擾，自由的接由公園的空間在來往於高速公路的兩岸。當時，這是一個史無前例的嘗試，由已經過世的地景建築大師Lawrence Halprin設計。也是在地景建築專業中非常有名而且重要的作品。公園完成於1970年代，三十多年來，有許多關於這個案子的相關討論，尤其在最近，因為有部分人士主張變更公園設計，引起了許多非常有趣的討論（請參考Landscape Architecture Magazine 2005年五月號： http://www.asla.org/lamag/lam05/may/feature2.html ）。

以下節錄DJC’s Seattle’s Best Outdoor Spaces:

Freeway Park was designed in part to serve as a “bridge” between First Hill and downtown when Interstate 5 severed the two districts in the 1950s. Designed in the office of Lawrence Halprin and completed in 1976 as part of a lid over the freeway, the 5.2-acre park is located near the Washington State Convention & Trade Center, where Sixth Avenue intersect University and Seneca streets.

The park is noted for its concrete walls representing canyons, small intimate spaces and waterfalls that diminish freeway noise. Overall, the park is a linear series of spaces that connects the convention center and downtown Seattle. It serves as a destination where residents, shoppers, downtown office workers and hotel visitors intermingle.

更多資料：
http://www.tclf.org/features/freeway/index.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway_Park_(Seattle)
http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Freeway_Park.html

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Occidental Square（西洋公園）

位在西雅圖歷史城區Pioneer Square裡的區的Occidental Park，也是西雅圖市內另一個具有歷史意義的公園，由西雅圖老牌的建築與地景事務所Jones & Jones設計。就像Freeway Park一樣，最近也面臨了一些保存與改造之間的爭議（參考Landscape Architecture Magazine 2005年五月號同一篇文章）。

以下節錄DJC’s Seattle’s Best Outdoor Spaces:

These adjoining spaces, totaling one acre in size, were designed by Jones and Jones and completed in 1972 to uphold the historic preservation of Pioneer Square and re-assert values of urban living and the urban environment. Cobblestones and ornamental iron light posts merge with modern design to create a refined atmosphere.

The mall is a tree-lined pedestrian street closed to traffic that features art galleries and restaurants. The mall has been designated a “green street” by the city of Seattle.

The park is used as a gathering space for concerts and leisure. Its glass shelter, which provides rain-protected seating, is a modern design that recalls the nearby Victorian pergola in Pioneer Square. Four totem poles carved by Duane Pasco were donated in 1985 by developer Richard White, a long-time resident of Pioneer Square. The park was renovated in 1987 by the Seattle Department of Parks and Recreation.

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Garden of Remembrance（追憶花園）

這是和前面幾個風格迴異的設計，由一年前才剛過世的地景建築師Robert Murase的事務所的作品。以下節錄DJC’s Seattle’s Best Outdoor Spaces:

Located in the heart of the downtown business core at Benaroya Hall, the half-acre Garden of Remembrance offers opportunities to reflect upon the citizens of Washington who gave their lives in the line of duty. The names of over 7,500 men and women are engraved in granite walls positioned to embrace the warmth of the western sun, surrounded by native plantings, falling water and artfully arranged stones. The garden, designed by LMN Architects and Murase Associates and completed in 1998, integrates the contextual needs of the city and serves as a civic plaza, attracting a sizeable lunch crowd on sunny summer days. The space also serves as an entry portal into the Metro bus tunnel.

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Olympic Sculpture Park（奧林匹克雕塑公園）

這個公園目前還在施工中，即將快要完成，目前可以說是西雅圖地景專業界人人期待的作品，就位在市區水岸的精華地帶，依照設計圖和設計概念來看，應該會是一個很棒的公園。以下節錄DJC’s Seattle’s Best Outdoor Spaces:

The public will soon be able to enjoy one of the largest open spaces in Seattle with the completion of the Seattle Art Museum’s Olympic Sculpture Park, designed by Weiss/Manfredi Architects with Charles Anderson Landscape Architecture.

Offering a flexible artistic program in a Northwest-inspired design, the new park will be located on the waterfront, just north of Pier 70. Currently, the planned centerpiece of the 8.5-acre park is Alexander Calder’s “Eagle” that soars more than 39 feet above the ground.

Constructed on a former industrial site, the park will also be home to landscape precincts that include an evergreen forest, open meadow and coastal plantings. Its Z-shaped design will connect three disparate sites, bringing art, people and landscape together while honoring the urban infrastructure that also characterizes Seattle’s downtown waterfront. Views of Puget Sound are a highlight, especially as the sun sets behind the Olympic Mountains. It is expected to be completed in 2005.

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Growing Vine Street

這是一個由社區居民由下而上自發完成，將一條原本無趣的街道，改造為綠意盎然、可以充分發揮環境功能的美麗街道（請到我的相簿裡看這個案子的照片）。設計功能主要在於藉由路旁的植栽來處理並淨化都市徑流，更可以節流及儲存屋頂留下的雨水，這個案子除了自然徑流處理機制（Natural Drainage System）的設計，還包括一個市民花園（Community Garden / P-Patch）以及許多令人驚喜的藝術裝置。

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Civic Plaza（市民廣場）

這是一個全新的市民廣場，與新的西雅圖市政府建築相連結，建築與地景本身整合性的設計，讓這一塊屬於市民的空間非常有趣。廣場的本身由地景建築事務所Gustafson Guthrie Nichol 與 Swift and Compay共同設計，很有質感。以下節錄DJC’s Seattle’s Best Outdoor Spaces:

The Civic Plaza is being built to create open space in the core of downtown Seattle. The 0.7-acre open space extends from the west edge of the new Justice Center, through City Hall to Third Avenue.

The plaza, designed by Gustafson Guthrie Nichol and Swift and Co., is being designed to be an inviting gateway to City Hall, with places for intimate meetings, large public gatherings and community celebrations. Additionally, the plaza will provide views of Elliott Bay and the Olympic Mountains.

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The Promenade at Marion Oliver McCaw Hall

這個案子獲得2005年美國景觀建築學會獎，也是Gustafson Guthrie Nichol事務所的設計。要看這個作品一定要晚上去，才能欣賞到非常具設計感的燈光效果，強烈推薦！

http://www.asla.org/awards/2005/05winners/entry_037.html
http://www.ggnltd.com/frame-sets/portfolio-fset.htm

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當然，西雅圖值得參觀的地景作品絕對不止以上這些，太多了實在寫不完，以下節錄西雅圖空間專業的記者Clair Enlow於2000年的文章，給有興趣西雅圖看地景作品的人做個參考。

文章出處：http://www.djc.com/special/landscape00/
建議想要多瞭解西雅圖地景建築專業的人，到這個網站逛逛，有更多關於西雅圖地景建築專業相關的文章。

A field day for landscape design

And it won’t be over tomorrow. Some long term trends lead to a green future.

By CLAIR ENLOW
Landscape Northwest editor

This year, Seattle area landscape architects and designers are enjoying a steady rise in demand for professional services. And there are many reasons to believe it’s not just a blip in the history of the field.

While the business of landscape design follows many of the same trends as the rest of the design and construction industry, the surge in business is especially high, deep and wide among these firms.

Even if the economy does not hold its momentum, there are several reasons to believe that there is a new, underlying level of support for landscape architecture and design services.

These are the reasons:

The economy is still booming. Private developers are still very optimistic, and taxpayers are supporting the construction of more infrastructure, parks, schools, trail systems and community centers.
Land is scarce. Paradoxically, the fewer building sites available, the greater the market for landscape design services. Scarcity brings value, and value opens doors and purses for design services. Developers want to bring the best value on line for their land costs, and new and established communities want outdoor amenities close to home. They call on landscape professionals to help make the best use of the land.
The public sector is investing in infrastructure, planning and quality-of-life as never before. Growth controls and the public demand for walkable, livable communities has focused public investment in land-based planning and landscape design. Light rail stations, to green streets, to trails, watershed restoration, and neighborhood pea patches, landscape design is at the heart of many projects.
A generation of schools, cultural and institutional facilities are at the end of their lives. Many of the buildings brought to us by the post-war boom need fixing or replacement, and technology needs add to the demand for new and renovated facilities. Landscape design is becoming a more and more important part of the picture as futures look greener and institutions seek to offer more to their constituencies.
Environmental awareness is mounting, and the pressure to build and design sustainably is coming from many sides. Seattle is the first urban area to become designated as habitat for an endangered species, putting the law behind many long-term environmental goals and policies. At the same time, "green" is fashionable as never before. Perhaps more than any other group, landscape professionals are in a position to act on these trends. And with pressures from the market for their services, ecology-minded landscape firms are in a good position to influence their clients.
Seattle continues on its slow evolution from logging town to world class city. This is the city that waited for half a century to replant trees in some neighborhoods. Until the last decade, sprawl was restrained only by topography. Now we want our urban lifestyles and our salmon, too. Seattle landscape architects and designers have been looking to the great cities of the world for models, and they are finding that design can work on many different scales, and nature can coexist with city streets in surprising ways.

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西雅圖凹凸鏡

廖桂賢的地景及社會觀察